A Review of Aerodynamic Noise From Propellers, Rofors, and Liff Fans

viii Hand-calculation procedures for predicting aerodynamic noise from propellers, rotors and lift fans useful as first engineering approximations have been assembled from the literature. Considerable introductory material and a glossary of terms has been included to make the prediction procedures more meaningful. Current literature has been reviewed and a comprehensive bibliography on V/STOL aircraft noise is presented. JPL TECHNICAL REPORT 32-1462

[1]  Dwight E. Bishop,et al.  PROCEDURES FOR DEVELOPING NOISE EXPOSURE FORECAST AREAS FOR AIRCRAFT FLIGHT OPERATIONS. , 1967 .

[2]  M. V. Lowson,et al.  Visualization of Noise from Cold Supersonic Jets , 1968 .

[3]  Cyril M. Harris,et al.  Handbook of Noise Control , 1957 .

[4]  J. W. Leverton,et al.  Helicopter blade slap , 1966 .

[5]  I. A. Simons,et al.  THE MOVEMENT, STRUCTURE AND BREAKDOWN OF TRAILING VORTICES FROM A ROTOR BLADE , 1967 .

[6]  M. V. Lowson.  Basic mechanisms of noise generation by helicopters, V/STOL aircraft and ground effect machines☆ , 1966 .

[7]  F. B. Greatrex.  The Economics of Aircraft Noise Suppression , 1966 .

[8]  Harvey H. Hubbard,et al.  Preliminary Measurements of the Noise Characteristics of Some Jet-Augmented-Flap Configurations , 1959 .

[9]  Edvard Grande.  POSSIBILITIES AND DEVICES FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF JET NOISE , 1968 .

[10]  E. Y. Yudin.  On the Vortex Sound from Rotating Rods , 1947 .

[11]  J. W. Leverton.  Helicopter noise - A blade slap. Part 1 - Review and theoretical study , 1968 .

[12]  I. C. Cheeseman,et al.  The Application of Circulation Control by Blowing to Helicopter Rotors , 1967, The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society.

[13]  J. D. Kester,et al.  Designing The JT9D Engine to Meet Low Noise Requirements for Future Transports , 1967 .

[14]  H. S. Ribner,et al.  The Generation of Sound by Turbulent Jets , 1964 .

[15]  H. H. Hubbard,et al.  Research approaches to alleviation of airport-community noise , 1967 .

[16]  E. Tyler.  LXXIII.Vortex formation behind obstacles of various sections , 1931 .

[17]  Leo L. Beranek,et al.  Handbook of noise measurement , 1956 .

[18]  Domenic J. Maglieri.  Shielding Flap Type Jet Engine Noise Suppressor , 1959 .

[19]  Karl D. Kryter,et al.  Scaling Human Reactions to the Sound from Aircraft , 1959 .

[20]  John B Ollerhead,et al.  DESCRIPTION OF A HELICOPTER ROTOR NOISE COMPUTER PROGRAM. , 1969 .

[21]  C. R. Cox.  Helicopter Noise and Passive Defense , 1963 .

[22]  Harvey H. Hubbard,et al.  Propeller-loudness charts for light airplanes , 1947 .

[23]  Peter Bradshaw,et al.  Turbulence in the noise-producing region of a circular jet , 1964, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[24]  E G Hinterkeuser,et al.  Subjective response to synthesized flight noise signatures of several types of V-STOL aircraft. NASA CR-1118. , 1968, NASA contractor report. NASA CR. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

[25]  M. V. Lowson.  Compressor noise analysis , 1968 .

[26]  T. J. Hargest.  Noise of VTOL aircraft , 1966 .

[27]  Karl S. Pearsons,et al.  Category Scaling Judgment Tests on Motor Vehicle and Aircraft Noise , 1967 .

[28]  M. Lighthill,et al.  The Bakerian Lecture, 1961 Sound generated aerodynamically , 1962, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[29]  Arthur A. Regier,et al.  The problem of noise reduction with reference to light airplanes , 1946 .

[30]  S. S. Stevens.  The Measurement of Loudness , 1955 .

[31]  David C. Nagel,et al.  Growth of Noisiness for Tones and Bands of Noise at Different Frequencies , 1968 .

[32]  S. E. Wright,et al.  Helicopter rotor noise generation. , 1969 .

[33]  D. W. Robinson,et al.  The Subjective Basis for Aircraft Noise Limitation , 1967, The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society.

[34]  H Sternfeld,et al.  TIP VORTEX CORE THICKENING FOR APPLICATION TO HELICOPTER ROTOR NOISE REDUCTION , 1966 .

[35]  D. J. PlCKERELL,et al.  Powerplant aspects of high-speed, inter-city VTOL aircraft. , 1968 .

[36]  David C. Nagel,et al.  The Effects of Background Noise Upon Perceived Noisiness , 1968 .

[37]  L. Gutin,et al.  On the Sound Field of a Rotating Propeller , 1948 .

[38]  Harry Sternfeld.  New Techniques in Helicopter Noise Reduction , 1961 .

[39]  Kenneth M. Eldred,et al.  SUPPRESSION OF JET NOISE WITH EMPHASIS ON THE NEAR FIELD , 1963 .

[40]  Harry D Sowers.  INVESTIGATION OF METHODS FOR THE PREDICTION AND ALLEVIATION OF LIFT FAN NOISE , 1965 .

[41]  M. V. Lowson,et al.  Reduction of Compressor-Noise Radiation , 1966 .

[42]  Frederick B. Metzger,et al.  A STUDY OF PROPELLER NOISE RESEARCH , 1969 .

[43]  N. Golovin.  Alleviation of aircraft noise , 1966 .

[44]  William C. Sperry,et al.  Fundamental Study of Jet Noise Generation and Suppression. Volume 1. Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Model Jet Exhaust Stream Noise and the Development of Normalizing Parameters for Size and Temperature , 1963 .

[45]  J. F. Coplin,et al.  Lift Turbo-fans , 1965 .

[46]  P. J. Zandbergen,et al.  On the calculation of the propeller noise field around aircraft , 1962 .

[47]  D. O. Davies,et al.  Some VTOL Powerplant Design and Development Experience , 1966 .

[48]  William E. Bausch,et al.  Helicopter Rotor Noise Prediction And Control , 1968 .

[49]  R T England,et al.  Evaluation of noise problems anticipated with future vtol aircraft. AMRL-TR-66-245. , 1967, AMRL-TR. Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories.

[50]  Harvey H. Hubbard,et al.  Noise Considerations in the Design and Operation of V/STOL Aircraft , 1960 .

[51]  E. Z. Stowell,et al.  Vortex Noise from Rotating Cylindrical Rods , 1936 .

[52]  M. Kobrynski.  GENERAL METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE SOUND PRESSURE FIELD EMITTED BY STATIONARY OR MOVING JETS , 1969 .

[53]  J. L. Flintoff,et al.  Unexplained scale effects in ejector shroud “howling” , 1968 .

[54]  G. J. Healy,et al.  A realistic assessment of the vertiport/ community noise problem. , 1968 .

[55]  K D Kryter.  Concepts of perceived noisiness, their implementation and application. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[56]  F. C. Johansen,et al.  On the Flow of Air behind an Inclined Flat Plate of Infinite Span , 1927 .

[57]  Carole S. Tanner,et al.  Preliminary measurements of take-off and landing noise from a new instrumented range , 1965 .

[58]  E. J. Richards,et al.  Hovercraft Noise and its Suppression , 1965 .

[59]  Peter A Franken,et al.  METHODS OF FLIGHT VEHICLE NOISE PREDICTION , 1958 .

[60]  Robert G Loewy,et al.  A THEORY FOR PREDICTING THE ROTATIONAL NOISE OF LIFTING ROTORS IN FORWARD FLIGHT, INCLUDING A COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT , 1966 .

[61]  H. S. Ribner,et al.  The noise of aircraft , 1964 .

[62]  Harry Sternfeld,et al.  EFFECTS OF NOISE ON COMMERCIAL V/STOL AIRCRAFT DESIGN AND OPERATION , 1970 .

[63]  Harvey H. Hubbard,et al.  Free-space oscillating pressures near the tips of rotating propellers , 1949 .

[64]  T. J. Stuckey,et al.  Investigation and prediction of helicopter rotor noise part I. Wessex whirl tower results , 1967 .

[65]  R. G. Loewy.  Aural Detection of Helicopters in Tactical Situations , 1963 .

[66]  Fergus R. Fricke,et al.  Pressure Fluctuations in a Separated Flow Region , 1968 .

[67]  I. E. Garrick,et al.  A theoretical study of the effect of forward speed on the free-space sound-pressure field around propellers , 1953 .

[68]  Max Kramer.  The Aerodynamic Profile as Acoustic Noise Generator , 1953 .

[69]  C. R. Cox,et al.  A STUDY OF THE ORIGIN AND MEANS OF REDUCING HELICOPTER NOISE , 1962 .

[70]  S. S. Stevens.  Calculation of the Loudness of Complex Noise , 1956 .

[71]  Henry B. Moore,et al.  Measurement of Jet Noise Suppression Using a Small Turbojet Engine , 1967 .

[72]  R. Hafner,et al.  Domain of the convertible rotor , 1963 .

[73]  Robert L. Paullin,et al.  Aircraft Noise Abatement-The Prospects for a Quieter Metropolitan Environment , 1971 .

[74]  I. H. Hoover.  A system solution to the aircraft noise problem , 1967 .

[75]  N. Curle.  The influence of solid boundaries upon aerodynamic sound , 1955, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[76]  A. H. Marsh,et al.  A study of turbofan-engine compressor noise suppression techniques , 1968 .

[77]  Harvey H. Hubbard,et al.  Noise Characteristics of Helicopter Rotors at Tip Speeds up to 900 Feet Per Second , 1960 .

[78]  William C. Sperry.  AIRCRAFT NOISE EVALUATION , 1968 .

[79]  M. V. Lowson,et al.  Theoretical studies of compressor noise , 1969 .

[80]  Paul K. Dygert.  ALLOCATING THE COSTS OF ALLEVIATING SUBSONIC JET AIRCRAFT NOISE , 1967 .

[81]  M. Lawson.  Problems of helicopter noise estimation and reduction , 1969 .

[82]  Harvey H. Hubbard,et al.  An Investigation of Some Phenomena Relating to Aural Detection of Airplanes , 1958 .

[83]  Harvey H. Hubbard,et al.  Propeller-noise Charts for Transport Airplanes , 1953 .

[84]  E. J. Richards.  Aircraft Noise — Mitigating the Nuisance , 1967 .

[85]  M. Krzywoblocki,et al.  Investigation of the Wing-Wake Frequency with Application of the Strouhal Number , 1945 .

[86]  Martin V. Lowson,et al.  STUDIES OF HELICOPTER ROTOR NOISE , 1969 .

[87]  E. J. Richards.  Aeronautical Research at the University of Southampton , 1965, The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society.

[88]  Harvey H. Hubbard,et al.  Comparison of sound emission from two-blade, four-blade, and seven-blade propellers , 1947 .

[89]  C. L. Morfey,et al.  Sources of Noise in Axial Flow Fans , 1971 .

[90]  S. L. Bragg,et al.  Noise From Turbojet Compressors , 1964, The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society.