The explosion of data arising from rapid advances in communication, sensing and computational power has concentrated research effort on more advanced techniques for the representation, processing, analysis and interpretation of data sets. In view of these exciting developments, the program Mathematics and Computation in Imaging Science and Information Processing was held at the Institute for Mathematical Sciences, National University of Singapore, from July to December 2003 and in August 2004 to promote and facilitate multidisciplinary research in the area. As part of the program, a series of tutorial lectures were conducted by international experts on a wide variety of topics in mathematical image, signal and information processing. This compiled volume contains survey articles by the tutorial speakers, all specialists in their respective areas. They collectively provide graduate students and researchers new to the field a unique and valuable introduction to a range of important topics at the frontiers of current research.