Rainfall Amount, Intensity, Duration, and Frequency Relationships in the Mae Chaem Watershed in Southeast Asia

Abstract A dense tipping-bucket rain gauge network was established in the Mae Chaem watershed in the mountains of northwestern Thailand as part of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Asian Monsoon Experiment-Tropics (GAME-T). Investigations of rainfall amounts, intensities, durations, and frequencies in the rainy season revealed strong orographic rainfall enhancement in the region. The larger amount of high-altitude rainfall was attributed to duration and frequency rather than intensity. Despite large rainfall variations, similar patterns were found in the two study years, 1998 and 1999.

[1]  C. Vörösmarty,et al.  Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. , 2000, Science.

[2]  D. Marks,et al.  A comparison of geostatistical procedures for spatial analysis of precipitation in mountainous terrain , 1992 .

[3]  A. Barros,et al.  Orographic Effects during a Severe Wintertime Rainstorm in the Appalachian Mountains , 1998 .

[4]  S. Anquetin,et al.  Geostatistical Analysis of Orographic Rainbands , 2001 .

[5]  Phaedon C. Kyriakidis,et al.  Geostatistical Mapping of Precipitation from Rain Gauge Data Using Atmospheric and Terrain Characteristics , 2001 .

[6]  P. Neiman,et al.  The statistical relationship between upslope flow and rainfall in California's coastal mountains: Observations during CALJET , 2002 .

[7]  A. Barros,et al.  A study of the 1999 monsoon rainfall in a mountainous region in central Nepal using TRMM products and rain gauge observations , 2000 .

[8]  Michael T. Coe,et al.  Modeling terrestrial hydrological systems at the continental scale : Testing the accuracy of an atmospheric GCM , 2000 .

[9]  S. Bradley,et al.  A Preliminary Investigation of Orographic Rainfall Enhancement over Low Hills near Auckland New Zealand , 1991 .

[10]  D. Moorhead,et al.  Increasing risk of great floods in a changing climate , 2002, Nature.

[11]  Taikan Oki,et al.  Seasonal Change of the Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation over Japan and Malaysia , 1994 .

[12]  David T. Bolvin,et al.  Tropical Rainfall Distributions Determined Using TRMM Combined with Other Satellite and Rain Gauge Information , 2000 .

[13]  Tadashi Hibino,et al.  STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL IN MOUNTAINOUS BASINS , 1995 .

[14]  Alan Seed,et al.  A case study of orographic rainfall processes incorporating multiscaling characterization techniques , 2001 .

[15]  T. N. Palmer,et al.  Quantifying the risk of extreme seasonal precipitation events in a changing climate , 2002, Nature.

[16]  Ronald B. Smith.  Current status of ALPEX research in the United States , 1986 .

[17]  R. Schnur.  Climate science: The investment forecast , 2002, Nature.

[18]  Hiroyuki Yamada,et al.  Weak and Frequent Monsoon Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau , 2001 .

[19]  T. Ohta,et al.  Characteristics of precipitation distribution in Tanggula, Monsoon, 1993 , 1994 .

[20]  A. Weisse,et al.  Topographic Effects on Statistical Characteristics of Heavy Rainfall and Mapping in the French Alps , 2001 .

[21]  R. Quayle,et al.  An Evaluation of the United States Standard 8-in. Nonrecording Raingage at the Valdai Polygon, Russia , 1992 .

[22]  Michael D. Dettinger,et al.  Global Characteristics of Stream Flow Seasonality and Variability , 2000 .

[23]  P. Xie,et al.  Global Precipitation: A 17-Year Monthly Analysis Based on Gauge Observations, Satellite Estimates, and Numerical Model Outputs , 1997 .

[24]  D. Wratt,et al.  The New Zealand Southern Alps Experiment , 1996 .

[25]  E. L. Neff.  How much rain does a rain gage gage , 1977 .

[26]  C. S. Ramage.  DIURNAL VARIATION OF SUMMER RAINFALL OVER MALAYA , 1962 .

[27]  Masakazu Suzuki,et al.  Altitudinal increase in rainfall in the Mae Chaem watershed, Thailand , 2001 .

[28]  IV: EPSAT-NIGER STUDY OF RAINFALL OVER THE SAHEL AT SMALL TIME STEPS USING A DENSE NETWORK OF RECORDING RAINGAUGES , 1991 .

[29]  J. Janowiak,et al.  The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) combined precipitation dataset , 1997 .

[30]  U. Schneider,et al.  Terrestrial Precipitation Analysis: Operational Method and Required Density of Point Measurements , 1994 .

[31]  Compton J. Tucker,et al.  From El Niño to La Niña: Vegetation Response Patterns over East and Southern Africa during the 1997-2000 Period. , 2002 .

[32]  A. Barros,et al.  An Investigation of the Onsets of the 1999 and 2000 Monsoons in Central Nepal , 2002 .

[33]  A. Barros,et al.  Monitoring the Monsoon in the Himalayas: Observations in Central Nepal, June 2001 , 2003 .

[34]  U. Schneider,et al.  Global precipitation estimates based on a technique for combining satellite-based estimates, rain gauge analysis, and NWP model precipitation information , 1995 .

[35]  A. Barros,et al.  Probing orographic controls in the Himalayas during the monsoon using satellite imagery , 2004 .

[36]  R. Koster,et al.  Variance and Predictability of Precipitation at Seasonal-to-Interannual Timescales , 2000 .

[37]  T. Oki.  Modeling Surface Hydrology for Global Water Cycle Simulations , 2001 .

[38]  Daqing Yang,et al.  Adjustment of daily precipitation data at 10 climate stations in Alaska: Application of World Meteorological Organization intercomparison results , 1998 .