Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography

In this chapter the idea of the impedance cardiography will be presented followed by a description of a central hemodynamics ambulatory monitoring system, available for both research and clinical applications. Basing on the REOMONITOR system, developed in my home institution, the essential parts of the most of the ambulatory systems will be presented. Then will be described other systems used in the cardiology and physiological researches. All of the presented in this chapter systems were verified using the clinically accepted reference methods—non-invasive (ultrasound), invasive or at least, compared against the stationary impedance device Minnesota 304B.

[1]  G. Willemsen,et al.  Ambulatory monitoring of the impedance cardiogram. , 1996, Psychophysiology.

[2]  Yves Lecarpentier,et al.  Total arterial compliance estimated by stroke volume-to-aortic pulse pressure ratio in humans. , 1998, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[3]  R. P. Patterson,et al.  Sources of the thoracic cardiogenic electrical impedance signal as determined by a model , 1985, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[4]  J. Maher,et al.  Measurement of cardiac output by electrical impedance at rest and during exercise. , 1976, Journal of applied physiology.

[5]  D. Geselowitz.  On bioelectric potentials in an inhomogeneous volume conductor. , 1967, Biophysical journal.

[6]  Liang-Yu Shyu,et al.  Portable impedance cardiography system for real-time noninvasive cardiac output measurement , 1997, Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 'Magnificent Milestones and Emerging Opportunities in Medical Engineering' (Cat. No.97CH36136).

[7]  J. Cacioppo,et al.  Individual differences in the autonomic origins of heart rate reactivity: the psychometrics of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period. , 1994, Psychophysiology.

[8]  K. Yamakoshi,et al.  A portable instrument for non-invasive monitoring of beat-by-beat cardiovascular haemodynamic parameters based on the volume-compensation and electrical-admittance method , 2006, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[9]  H. Kanai,et al.  The Impedance of Blood : The Effects of Red Cell Orientation and Its Application , 1970 .

[10]  Donald P. Bernstein,et al.  Stroke volume equation for impedance cardiography , 2005, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[11]  G. Willemsen,et al.  Large-scale ensemble averaging of ambulatory impedance cardiograms , 2003, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[12]  Dean C. Jeutter,et al.  Computer-Automated Impedance-Derived Cardiac Indexes , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[13]  A. Sherwood,et al.  Ambulatory impedance cardiography: a feasibility study. , 1998, Journal of applied physiology.

[14]  Robert Plonsey,et al.  Bioelectromagnetism: Principles and Applications of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Fields , 1995 .

[15]  R. Patterson,et al.  Development and evaluation of an impedance cardiac output system. , 1966, Aerospace medicine.

[16]  Y. Miyamoto,et al.  Continuous determination of cardiac output during exercise by the use of impedance plethysmography , 1981, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[17]  R. Heethaar,et al.  A Comparison of Bioimpedance and Echocardiography in Measuring Systolic Heart Function in Cardiac Patients , 1999, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[18]  P. Postmus,et al.  Assessment of the haemodynamic response to exercise by means of electrical impedance cardiography: method, validation and clinical applications. , 1997, Physiological measurement.

[19]  Robert Patterson,et al.  Contributions to the impedance cardiogram waveform , 2006, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[20]  T. Fujinami,et al.  Impedance cardiography for estimating cardiac output during submaximal and maximal work. , 1978, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[21]  R. J. Moene,et al.  Value of systolic time intervals in assessing severity of congenital aortic stenosis in children. , 1975, British heart journal.

[22]  F. Routledge,et al.  Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography in Hypertension: A Validation Study , 2008, European journal of cardiovascular nursing : journal of the Working Group on Cardiovascular Nursing of the European Society of Cardiology.

[23]  T. Ebert,et al.  Impedance-Derived cardiac indices in supine and upright exercise , 2006, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[24]  G. Cybulski,et al.  Ambulatory impedance cardiography: new possibilities. , 2000, Journal of applied physiology.

[25]  S. Ahmed,et al.  Systolic Time Intervals as Measures of the Contractile State of the Left Ventricular Myocardium in Man , 1972, Circulation.

[26]  Impedance plethysmography: the origin of electrical impedance changes measured in the human calf , 1980, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[27]  N. Westerhof,et al.  Aortic Input Impedance in Normal Man: Relationship to Pressure Wave Forms , 1980, Circulation.

[28]  J. Greenleaf,et al.  Effects of 3-day bed rest on physiological responses to graded exercise in athletes and sedentary men. , 2001, Journal of applied physiology.

[29]  T Togawa,et al.  Transthoracic admittance plethysmograph for measuring cardiac output. , 1976, Journal of applied physiology.

[30]  D. DuBois,et al.  A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known , 1989 .

[31]  F. Tristani,et al.  Application of impedance cardiography to study of postural stress. , 1970, Journal of applied physiology.

[32]  H. Berendse,et al.  Method to measure autonomic control of cardiac function using time interval parameters from impedance cardiography , 2008, Physiological measurement.

[33]  D. Eckberg,et al.  Impedance cardiograms reliably estimate beat-by-beat changes of left ventricular stroke volume in humans. , 1984, Cardiovascular research.

[34]  J. Roos,et al.  Measurement of cardiac output by impedance cardiography under various conditions. , 1979, The American journal of physiology.

[35]  L. W. Heather,et al.  A comparison of cardiac output values by the impedance cardiograph and dye dilution techniques in cardiac patients , 1969 .

[36]  G. Cybulski.  Influence of age on the immediate cardiovascular response to orthostatic manoeuvre , 2004, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[37]  J. G. Webster,et al.  Errors in four-electrode impedance plethysmography , 1983, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[38]  D. Geselowitz.  An application of electrocardiographic lead theory to impedance plethysmography. , 1971, IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering.

[39]  Gerard Cybulski,et al.  Dynamic Impedance Cardiography : the system and its applications , 2005 .

[40]  F. H. Bonjer,et al.  The Origin of the Variations of Body Impedance Occurring during the Cardiac Cycle , 1952, Circulation.

[41]  G. Cybulski,et al.  Application of impedance cardiography ambulatory monitoring system for analysis of central hemodynamics in healthy man and arrhythmia patients , 1997, Computers in Cardiology 1997.

[42]  A.W. Hahn,et al.  Medical instrumentation , 1980, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[43]  M N Sawka,et al.  Central hemodynamics during progressive upper- and lower-body exercise and recovery. , 1984, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[44]  Siegel,et al.  Clinical and experimental use of thoracic impedance plethysmography in quantifying myocardial contractility. , 1970, Surgery.

[45]  R. Pethig,et al.  Dielectric properties of body tissues. , 1987, Clinical physics and physiological measurement : an official journal of the Hospital Physicists' Association, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Medizinische Physik and the European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics.

[46]  P. Wach,et al.  Non-invasive beat-to-beat cardiac output monitoring by an improved method of transthoracic bioimpedance measurement , 2006, Comput. Biol. Medicine.

[47]  J J Sollers,et al.  New ambulatory impedance cardiograph validated against the Minnesota Impedance Cardiograph. , 2001, Psychophysiology.

[48]  D P Bernstein,et al.  A new stroke volume equation for thoracic electrical bioimpedance: Theory and rationale , 1986, Critical care medicine.

[49]  K. Cole,et al.  Dispersion and Absorption in Dielectrics I. Alternating Current Characteristics , 1941 .

[50]  Cardiovascular and sympatho-adrenal responses to static handgrip performed with one and two hands , 2006, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology.

[51]  C. Yancy,et al.  Noninvasive assessment of hemodynamics: an emphasis on bioimpedance cardiography. , 2000, Current opinion in cardiology.

[52]  H. Kanai,et al.  Problems of impedance cardiography , 1979, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[53]  Jean Lonsdorfer,et al.  A new impedance cardiograph device for the non-invasive evaluation of cardiac output at rest and during exercise: comparison with the “direct” Fick method , 2000, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[54]  I. Swain,et al.  Measurement of cardiac output by electrical impedance plethysmography. , 1987, Journal of biomedical engineering.

[55]  A. Torbicki,et al.  A comparison between the automatized impedance cardiography and pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography methods for measurements of stroke volume (SV) and systolic time intervals (STI). , 1993, Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society.

[56]  Y. Miyamoto,et al.  Automatic determination of cardiac output using an impedance plethysmography. , 1981, Biotelemetry and patient monitoring.

[57]  R. Kelsey,et al.  An evaluation of the ensemble averaged impedance cardiogram. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[58]  B. C. Penney,et al.  Theory and cardiac applications of electrical impedance measurements. , 1986, Critical reviews in biomedical engineering.

[59]  Srámek Bb.  Cardiac output by electrical impedance. , 1982 .

[60]  T. Olsson,et al.  Measurement of stroke volume with impedance cardiography. , 1982, Clinical physiology.

[61]  G. Panfili,et al.  A wearable device for continuous monitoring of heart mechanical function based on Impedance CardioGraphy , 2006, 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[62]  J. McFetridge-Durdle,et al.  Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography: A Systematic Review , 2006, Nursing research.

[63]  H Thurston,et al.  Impedance cardiography for determination of stroke index. , 1976, Journal of applied physiology.

[64]  Y. Miyamoto,et al.  Dynamics of cardiac output and systolic time intervals in supine and upright exercise. , 1983, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.

[65]  R. Hughson,et al.  Cardiac output in exercise by impedance cardiography during breath holding and normal breathing. , 1987, Journal of applied physiology.

[66]  F. Traugott,et al.  EFFECTS OF CHANGING HAEMATOCRIT, VENTRICULAR RATE AND MYOCARDIAL INOTROPY ON THE ACCURACY OF IMPEDANCE CARDIOGRAPHY , 1981, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology.

[67]  G. Berntson,et al.  Where to B in dZ/dt. , 2007, Psychophysiology.

[68]  Paul N. Kizakevich,et al.  Comparative measures of systolic ejection during treadmill exercise by impedance cardiography and Doppler echocardiography , 1993, Biological Psychology.

[69]  T. Palko,et al.  Ambulatory monitoring device for central hemodynamic and ECG signal recording on PCMCI flash memory cards , 1995, Computers in Cardiology 1995.

[70]  D P Bernstein,et al.  Continuous noninvasive real‐time monitoring of stroke volume and cardiac output by thoracic electrical bioimpedance , 1986, Critical care medicine.

[71]  E. Coyle,et al.  Stroke volume measurement during supine and upright cycle exercise by impedance cardiography , 1994, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[72]  Y Miyamoto,et al.  Dynamics of cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic function in men in response to step work load. , 1982, Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology.