Physiology of Basal Ganglia Disorders: An Overview

ABSTRACT: The pathophysiology of the movement disorders arising from basal ganglia disorders has been uncertain, in part because of a lack of a good theory of how the basal ganglia contribute to normal voluntary movement. An hypothesis for basal ganglia function is proposed here based on recent advances in anatomy and physiology. Briefly, the model proposes that the purpose of the basal ganglia circuits is to select and inhibit specific motor synergies to carry out a desired action. The direct pathway is to select and the indirect pathway is to inhibit these synergies. The clinical and physiological features of Parkinson's disease, L-DOPA dyskinesias, Huntington's disease, dystonia and tic are reviewed. An explanation of these features is put forward based upon the model.

[1]  W Fernandez,et al.  Impaired activation of the supplementary motor area in Parkinson's disease is reversed when akinesia is treated with apomorphine , 1992, Annals of neurology.

[2]  M. Hallett,et al.  Perioral reflexes in orofacial dyskinesia and spasmodic dysphonia , 1992, Muscle & nerve.

[3]  Richard S. J. Frackowiak,et al.  Impaired mesial frontal and putamen activation in Parkinson's disease: A positron emission tomography study , 1992, Annals of neurology.

[4]  M Hallett,et al.  The N30 component of somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with dystonia. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[5]  R. Quencer,et al.  Magnetic resonance demonstration of intracranial CSF flow in children , 1992, Neurology.

[6]  G. Mckhann,et al.  Diseases of the Nervous System: Clinical Neurobiology , 1992 .

[7]  J. Jankovic,et al.  The coexistence of tics and dystonia. , 1991, Archives of neurology.

[8]  M. Panizza,et al.  Spinal cord inhibitory mechanisms in Parkinson's disease , 1991, Neurology.

[9]  A. Lang.  Patient perception of tics and other movement disorders , 1991, Neurology.

[10]  H. Singer,et al.  Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment , 1991, Medicine.

[11]  J. Rapoport,et al.  Motor/vocal tics and compulsive behaviors on stimulant drugs: Is there a common vulnerability? , 1990, Psychiatry Research.

[12]  M. Delong,et al.  Primate models of movement disorders of basal ganglia origin , 1990, Trends in Neurosciences.

[13]  G. E. Alexander,et al.  Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing , 1990, Trends in Neurosciences.

[14]  J. Deniau,et al.  Disinhibition as a basic process in the expression of striatal functions , 1990, Trends in Neurosciences.

[15]  M. Hallett,et al.  H‐reflex recovery curve and reciprocal inhibition of H‐reflex in different kinds of dystonia , 1990, Neurology.

[16]  I. Mitchell,et al.  The role of the subthalamic nucleus in experimental chorea. Evidence from 2-deoxyglucose metabolic mapping and horseradish peroxidase tracing studies. , 1989, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[17]  P. Thompson,et al.  An exteroceptive reflex in the sternocleidomastoid muscle produced by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve in normal subjects and patients with spasmodic torticollis , 1989, Neurology.

[18]  M. Kelland,et al.  Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus-induced inhibition of muscle activity in the rat , 1989, Behavioural Brain Research.

[19]  A. Shapiro,et al.  Controlled study of haloperidol, pimozide and placebo for the treatment of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. , 1989, Archives of general psychiatry.

[20]  A Urbano,et al.  Abnormalities of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in parkinsonian patients. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[21]  B L Day,et al.  Reciprocal inhibition between forearm muscles in patients with writer's cramp and other occupational cramps, symptomatic hemidystonia and hemiparesis due to stroke. , 1989, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[22]  M. Hallett,et al.  Blink reflex excitability recovery curves in patients with spasmodic dysphonia , 1989, Neurology.

[23]  M. Hallett,et al.  Reciprocal inhibition in patients with hand cramps , 1989, Neurology.

[24]  M. Hallett,et al.  Hemiballismus: Study of a case using positron emission tomography with 18f1uoro‐2‐deoxyg1ucose , 1989, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[25]  P. Thompson,et al.  The coexistence of bradykinesia and chorea in Huntington's disease and its implications for theories of basal ganglia control of movement. , 1988, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[26]  M. Delong,et al.  Parkinsonian Symptomatology An Anatomical and Physiological Analysisa a , 1988 .

[27]  W. C. Miller,et al.  Parkinsonian symptomatology. An anatomical and physiological analysis. , 1988, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[28]  B. Day,et al.  Evidence favouring presynaptic inhibition between antagonist muscle afferents in the human forearm. , 1987, The Journal of physiology.

[29]  C. Marsden,et al.  Pathophysiology of blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia. , 1985, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[30]  D. Mclellan,et al.  Increased co-activation of the upper limb muscles in writer's cramp. , 1985, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[31]  D. Calne,et al.  Lesions of the putamen and dystonia , 1984, Neurology.

[32]  W G Tatton,et al.  Characteristic Alterations in Responses to Imposed Wrist Displacements in Parkinsonian Rigidity and Dystonia Musculorum Deformans , 1984, Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques.

[33]  C. Marsden,et al.  Reciprocal inhibition between the muscles of the human forearm. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[34]  J. Frost,et al.  Sleep in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome , 1983, Neurology.

[35]  J. Penney,et al.  Speculations on the functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. , 1983, Annual review of neuroscience.

[36]  B L Day,et al.  Pathophysiology of dystonias. , 1983, Advances in neurology.

[37]  C. Marsden.  The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia , 1982, Neurology.

[38]  J C Rothwell,et al.  Simple tics in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are not prefaced by a normal premovement EEG potential. , 1981, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[39]  M. Hallett,et al.  A physiological mechanism of bradykinesia. , 1980, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[40]  H. Aziz.  Involuntary movements. , 1975, JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association.

[41]  N. Yanagisawa,et al.  Dystonia musculorum deformans. Analysis with electromyography. , 1971, Journal of the neurological sciences.

[42]  A. Barbeau.  Disorders of movement. , 1960, Lancet.

[43]  E. Herz,et al.  DYSTONIA: I. HISTORICAL REVIEW; ANALYSIS OF DYSTONIC SYMPTOMS AND PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED , 1944 .