Endovascular treatment of cerebral lesions

1 Classification of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.- I. Incidence of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.- II. Principles of Classification.- III. Classification of CVMs.- 1. Arteriovenous Shunts.- 2. General Appearance of Arteriovenous Shunts.- 3. Multiple BAVMs.- 4. Topographic Analysis.- 5. Angioarchitecture.- IV. Venous Lesions.- 1. Developmental Venous Anomalies.- 2. Cavernous Hemangiomas and Cavernous Malformations.- 3. Occult and Cryptic Malformations.- 4. Sturge-Weber Syndrome.- 2 Clinico-angioarchitectural Correlations.- I. Introduction.- II. Hemorrhage and Angioarchictecture.- III. Cerebral Function and Angioarchitecture of the BAVM.- IV Seizures and Angioarchitecture of the BAVM.- V Systemic and Remote Effects.- VI. Headaches and Angioarchitecture of BAVMs.- VII. AVM and Pregnancy.- 3 Indications and Objectives in the Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations.- I. Introduction.- II. Hemodynamic Basis of BAVMs.- III. Indications for Treatment of BAVMs.- 1. Age.- 2. Sex.- 3. Lifestyle.- 4. Presenting Symptoms.- IV Location, Size, and Deep Venous Drainage.- V. Associated Lesions.- VI. Therapeutic Modalities.- 1. Surgery.- 2. Radiation.- 3. Curative Embolization.- VII. Combination Treatments.- 1. Preoperative Embolization.- 2. Radiosurgery and Embolization.- 3. Partial Treatment.- 4. Intraoperative Embolization.- 5. Timing of Embolization.- 6. Staging Embolization.- 7. Emergency Embolization.- VIII. Contraindications for Treatment.- IX. Embolization.- X. Complications of Embolization.- XI. Conclusions.- 4 Technical Aspects of Surgical Neuroangiography.- I. Introduction.- II. Patient Preparation.- III. Perioperative Care.- 1. Corticosteroids.- 2. Anticonvulsants.- 3. Puncture Site.- 4. Anesthesia.- 5. Input and Output Monitoring.- 6. Blood Pressure Monitoring.- 7. Heparinization.- 8. Angiographic Investigation.- IV. Functional Evaluation.- 1. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials.- 2. Pharmacological Testing.- V. Catheters and Delivery Systems.- 1. Flow Guided Microcatheters.- 2. Variable Stiffness Microcatheters.- 3. Calibrated Leak Balloons.- 4. Microwires.- VI. Embolic Agents in Cerebral and Spinal Embolization.- 1. Particulate Agents.- 2. Liquid Agents.- VII. Flow Controlled Cerebral Embolization.- 1. Distal Catheterization.- 2. Flow Reversal.- 3. Flow Arrest.- 4. Systemic Hypotension.- 5. Catheter Withdrawal.- VIII. Postoperative Care.- 1. Cerebral AVMs.- 2. Aneurysm.- 3. Spinal AVMs.- IX. Complications of Cerebral Embolization.- 1. Medical Therapy for Acute Stroke.- 2. Hemorrhage.- 3. Distal Embolization.- 4. Arterial Stenosis.- 5. Vasospasm.- 5 Arteriovenous Fistulas of the Brain.- I. Introduction.- II. Systemic and Neurological Manifestations.- 1. Congestive Heart Failure.- 2. Failure to Thrive.- 3. Prominence of CSF Spaces.- 4. Calcifications.- III. Arteriovenous Shunts Involving the Vein of Galen.- 1. Embryology.- 2. Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation.- 3. Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Dilatation.- IV. AVFs of the Brain.- 1. Treatment of Brain AVFs.- References.