Individual-based modeling and ecology

Individual-based modeling is a new, exciting discipline that allows ecologists to explore, using computer simulations, how properties of populations and ecosystems might evolve from the characteristics and behaviors of individual organisms. Individual-based Modeling and Ecology, written by Volker Grimm and Steven F. Railsback, gives an excellent introduction and overview of this field. It should be read by everyone interested in individual-based modeling, and especially by anyone contemplating developing, or being involved with a group developing, an individualbased model.

[1]  B. Kendall,et al.  WHY DO POPULATIONS CYCLE? A SYNTHESIS OF STATISTICAL AND MECHANISTIC MODELING APPROACHES , 1999 .

[2]  R. Macarthur,et al.  The Theory of Island Biogeography , 1969 .

[3]  David G. Green,et al.  Do artificial ants march in step? ordered asynchronous processes and modularity in biological systems , 2002 .

[4]  Karin Frank,et al.  META-X: Generic Software for Metapopulation Viability Analysis , 2004, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[5]  C. Clark,et al.  Dynamic State Variable Models in Ecology , 2000 .

[6]  Ulf Dieckmann,et al.  The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity , 2000 .

[7]  Heinrich Kaiser,et al.  Populationsdynamik und Eigenschaften Einzelner Individuen , 1975 .

[8]  Gerd Gigerenzer,et al.  Fast and frugal heuristics: The adaptive toolbox. , 1999 .

[9]  Thorsten Wiegand,et al.  Expansion of Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) into the Eastern Alps: A Spatially Explicit Population Model , 2004, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[10]  Peter Kareiva,et al.  Assessing the Data Requirements of Spatially Explicit Dispersal Models , 1997 .

[11]  Donald L. DeAngelis,et al.  A Critical Appraisal of Population Approaches in Assessing Fish Community Health , 1990 .

[12]  Jonathan Silvertown,et al.  Cellular Automaton Models of Interspecific Competition for Space--The Effect of Pattern on Process , 1992 .

[13]  J. Dittami,et al.  Reproductive suppression in male alpine marmots , 1997, Animal Behaviour.

[14]  Janusz Uchmański,et al.  Individual variability and population regulation: a model of the significance of within-generation density dependence , 2002, Oecologia.

[15]  I. Hanski.  A Practical Model of Metapopulation Dynamics , 1994 .

[16]  Hartmut Bossel,et al.  Real-structure process description as the basis of understanding ecosystems and their development , 1992 .

[17]  S. Pacala,et al.  Forest models defined by field measurements: I. The design of a northeastern forest simulator , 1993 .

[18]  Boris Zeide,et al.  Accuracy of equations describing diameter growth , 1989 .

[19]  Jacob Weiner,et al.  Size symmetry of competition alters biomass–density relationships , 2002, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[20]  Martin Drechsler.  A model-based decision aid for species protection under uncertainty , 2000 .

[21]  Kenneth L. Driese,et al.  Transport processes in nature : propagation of ecological influences through environmental space , 2004 .

[22]  Helen M. Regan,et al.  The persistence niche: what makes it and what breaks it for two fire-prone plant species , 2007 .

[23]  O. Diekmann,et al.  The Dynamics of Physiologically Structured Populations , 1986 .

[24]  D. DeAngelis,et al.  Error Propagation in Spatially Explicit Population Models: a Reassessment , 1999 .

[25]  Mark A. Burgman,et al.  Building Models for Conservation and Wildlife Management , 1987 .

[26]  Denis Mollison,et al.  Modelling biological invasions: chance, explanation, prediction , 1986 .

[27]  R. Levins.  The strategy of model building in population biology , 1966 .

[28]  Donald L. DeAngelis,et al.  The importance of spatial scale in the modeling of aquatic ecosystems , 2003 .

[29]  Hanno Hildenbrandt,et al.  The Field of Neighbourhood (FON) -ein phänomenologischer Modellansatz zur Beschreibung von Nachbarschaftsbeziehungen sessiler Organismen , 2003 .

[30]  Jean-Pierre Tremblay,et al.  Density‐related effects of deer browsing on the regeneration dynamics of boreal forests , 2007 .

[31]  C. Wissel,et al.  Pattern formation triggered by rare events: lessons from the spread of rabies , 1997, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[32]  E. David Ford,et al.  Theory and Models of Inter-Plant Competition as a Spatial Process , 1992 .

[33]  Hartvig Christie,et al.  EFFECTS OF DENSITY‐DEPENDENT AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES ON THE REGULATION OF COD POPULATIONS , 2001 .

[34]  Hartmut Bossel,et al.  treedyn3 forest simulation model , 1996 .

[35]  Carolina Parada,et al.  From particles to individuals : modelling the early stages of anchovy ( Engraulis capensis/encrasicolus ) in the southern Benguela , 2003 .

[36]  Thorsten Wiegand,et al.  Dealing with Uncertainty in Spatially Explicit Population Models , 2004, Biodiversity & Conservation.

[37]  J. Bart.  Acceptance Criteria for Using Individual‐Based Models to Make Management Decisions , 1995 .

[38]  I. Aoki.  A simulation study on the schooling mechanism in fish. , 1982 .

[39]  Florian Jeltsch,et al.  Analysing Shrub Encroachment in the Southern Kalahari: A Grid-Based Modelling Approach , 1997 .

[40]  W. Wickler,et al.  Bionomics and social structure of 'Family Spiders' of the genus Stegodyphus, with special reference to the African species S.dumicola and S.mimosarum (Araneida, Eresidae) , 1988 .

[41]  Aviv Bergman,et al.  Adaptive computation in ecology and evolution: a guide for future research , 1996 .

[42]  Uta Berger,et al.  Cyclic dynamics in simulated plant populations , 2002, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[43]  Hans-Peter Kriegel,et al.  The R*-tree: an efficient and robust access method for points and rectangles , 1990, SIGMOD '90.

[44]  Larry B. Crowder,et al.  An individual-based, spatially-explicit simulation model of the population dynamics of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis , 1998 .

[45]  Jianguo Liu,et al.  Individual-based simulation models for forest succession and management , 1995 .

[46]  Martin Drechsler,et al.  Sensitivity analysis of complex models , 1998 .

[47]  Nancy G. Leveson,et al.  An experimental evaluation of the assumption of independence in multiversion programming , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.

[48]  Johan A. J. Metz,et al.  Linking local and regional dynamics in stochastic metapopulation models , 1991 .

[49]  B. Danielson,et al.  Spatially Explicit Population Models: Current Forms and Future Uses , 1995 .

[50]  Kiyoshi Umeki,et al.  Effect of crown asymmetry on size-structure dynamics of plant populations , 1997 .

[51]  Boris Zeide,et al.  Analysis of the 3/2 power law of self-thinning , 1987 .

[52]  R. Durrett,et al.  From individuals to epidemics. , 1996, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[53]  R. Sokal.  Evolutionary Genetics , 1972, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[54]  Joanna Grand,et al.  Biased data reduce efficiency and effectiveness of conservation reserve networks. , 2007, Ecology letters.

[55]  Neil B. Metcalfe,et al.  Food availability and the nocturnal vs. diurnal foraging trade‐off in juvenile salmon , 1999 .

[56]  W. Wilson.  Resolving Discrepancies between Deterministic Population Models and Individual‐Based Simulations , 1998, The American Naturalist.

[57]  Peter Jackson,et al.  Introduction to Expert Systems, 2nd Edition , 1990 .

[58]  A. E. Irish,et al.  Modelling freshwater phytoplankton communities: an exercise in validation , 2000 .

[59]  Yoh Iwasa,et al.  Interspecific competition among metapopulations with space-limited subpopulations , 1986 .

[60]  Uta Berger,et al.  The strength of competition among individual trees and the biomass-density trajectories of the cohort , 2003, Plant Ecology.

[61]  Florian Jeltsch,et al.  Modelling individual variability in a social spider colony (Stegodyphus dumicola: Eresidae) in relation to food abundance and its allocation , 1996 .

[62]  J. Fa,et al.  Global endemicity centres for terrestrial vertebrates: an ecoregions approach , 2007 .

[63]  Simon A. Levin,et al.  Mathematical Ecology: An Introduction , 1986 .

[64]  Evert Meelis,et al.  Management perspectives for populations of the eurasian badger (Meles meles) in a fragmented landscape , 1991 .

[65]  Antonin Guttman,et al.  R-trees: a dynamic index structure for spatial searching , 1984, SIGMOD '84.

[66]  Geir Huse,et al.  Implementing behaviour in individual-based models using neural networks and genetic algorithms , 1999, Evolutionary Ecology.

[67]  J. Connell.  Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. , 1978, Science.

[68]  Oswald J. Schmitz,et al.  Combining field experiments and individual‐based modeling to identify the dynamically relevant organizational scale in a field system , 2000 .

[69]  Jonathan Silvertown,et al.  Modularity, reproductive thresholds and plant population dynamics , 1991 .

[70]  NeXT Computer,et al.  Nextstep object‐oriented programming and the objective C language : 日本語版 , 1993 .

[71]  K. Schmidt,et al.  Movement pattern and home range use by the Eurasian lynx in Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland) , 2002 .

[72]  William J. Sutherland,et al.  Sustainable exploitation of social species: a test and comparison of models , 2002 .

[73]  Kenneth A. Rose,et al.  Parameter sensitivities, monte carlo filtering, and model forecasting under uncertainty , 1991 .

[74]  P. Turchin.  Quantitative analysis of movement : measuring and modeling population redistribution in animals and plants , 1998 .

[75]  U. Dieckmann,et al.  POPULATION GROWTH IN SPACE AND TIME: SPATIAL LOGISTIC EQUATIONS , 2003 .

[76]  Jane Memmott,et al.  The impact of an alien plant on a native plant-pollinator network: an experimental approach. , 2007, Ecology letters.

[77]  W. V. Winkle,et al.  Individual-based model of sympatric populations of brown and rainbow trout for instream flow assessment: model description and calibration , 1998 .

[78]  Andrew M. Colman,et al.  The complexity of cooperation: Agent-based models of competition and collaboration , 1998, Complex..

[79]  Boris Zeide,et al.  Natural thinning and environmental change: an ecological process model , 2001 .

[80]  William Gurney,et al.  Individual-based models: combining testability and generality , 1992 .

[81]  Elizabeth E. Crone,et al.  Complex Dynamics in Experimental Populations of an Annual Plant, Cardamine Pensylvanica , 1996 .

[82]  Donald A. Croll,et al.  Transboundary seabird conservation in an important North American marine ecoregion , 2006, Environmental Conservation.

[83]  Karin Johst,et al.  The effect of dispersal on local population dynamics , 1997 .

[84]  Rob Hengeveld,et al.  The Two Coexisting Ecological Paradigms , 1999 .

[85]  Graeme D. Ruxton,et al.  The need for biological realism in the updating of cellular automata models , 1998 .

[86]  Cino Pertoldi,et al.  Modelling the loss of genetic diversity in vole populations in a spatially and temporally varying environment , 2003 .

[87]  Christian Wissel,et al.  The intrinsic mean time to extinction: a unifying approach to analysing persistence and viability of populations , 2004 .

[88]  Robert J. Mitchell,et al.  The perpetual forest: using undesirable species to bridge restoration , 2007 .

[89]  Bernd Blasius,et al.  Complex dynamics and phase synchronization in spatially extended ecological systems , 1999, Nature.

[90]  Cheryl J. Briggs,et al.  What causes generation cycles in populations of stored-product moths? , 2000 .

[91]  K. Yoda,et al.  Self-thinning in overcrowded pure stands under cultivated and natural conditions (Intraspecific competition among higher plants. XI) , 1963 .

[92]  I. McQuinn,et al.  Metapopulations and the Atlantic herring , 1997, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries.

[93]  Michael Begon,et al.  Is there a self-thinning rule for animal populations? , 1986 .

[94]  C. Adami.  AB INITIO MODELING OF ECOSYSTEMS WITH ARTIFICIAL LIFE , 2002 .

[95]  Simon A. Levin,et al.  Frontiers in Mathematical Biology , 1995 .

[96]  Christian Wissel,et al.  Modelling the mosaic cycle of a Middle European beech forest , 1992 .

[97]  William Richard John Dean,et al.  Where birds are rare or fill the air : the protection of the endemic and the nomadic avifaunas of the Karoo , 1995 .

[98]  Robert M. Scheller,et al.  Models in Ecosystem Science , 2004, Landscape Ecology.

[99]  Andre Botequilha Leitão,et al.  Measuring Landscapes: A Planner's Handbook , 2006 .

[100]  S. Andelman,et al.  Protected area needs in a changing climate , 2007 .

[101]  Trent M. Sutton,et al.  A Model Analysis of Strategies for Enhancing Stocking Success of Landlocked Striped Bass Populations , 2000 .

[102]  Matthieu Guillemain,et al.  Carrying capacity in overwintering birds: when are spatial models needed? , 2003 .

[103]  Marcus W. Feldman,et al.  A model of individual adaptive behavior in a fluctuating environment , 1996 .

[104]  Thorolfur Antonsson,et al.  Variability in Timing and Characteristics of Atlantic Salmon Smolt in Icelandic Rivers , 2002 .

[105]  R. Lande.  Risks of Population Extinction from Demographic and Environmental Stochasticity and Random Catastrophes , 1993, The American Naturalist.

[106]  Simon A. Levin,et al.  Fragile Dominion: Complexity and the Commons , 1999 .

[107]  J. Huisman,et al.  Biodiversity of plankton by species oscillations and chaos , 1999, Nature.

[108]  Alain Franc,et al.  Aggregation of an individual-based space-dependent model of forest dynamics into distribution-based and space-independent models , 2001 .

[109]  Steven V. Viscido,et al.  Self-Organized Fish Schools: An Examination of Emergent Properties , 2002, The Biological Bulletin.

[110]  S. Levin.  THE PROBLEM OF PATTERN AND SCALE IN ECOLOGY , 1992 .

[111]  Rodney Sparapani,et al.  Random Number Generation and Monte Carlo Methods (2nd edition) , 2004 .

[112]  Doug P Armstrong,et al.  Developing the Science of Reintroduction Biology , 2007, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[113]  Craig Loehle,et al.  A guide to increased creativity in research — inspiration or perspiration? , 1990 .

[114]  Chris D. Thomas,et al.  Multispecies conservation planning: identifying landscapes for the conservation of viable populations using local and continental species priorities , 2007 .

[115]  Davide Pettenella,et al.  Developing indicators for the sustainable management of mountain forests using a modelling approach , 2002 .

[116]  Webster Van Winkle,et al.  Individual-Based Approach to Fish Population Dynamics: An Overview , 1993 .

[117]  Robert J. Naiman,et al.  Guest Editorial, part of a Special Feature on Restoring Riverine Landscapes Restoring Riverine Landscapes: The Challenge of Identifying Priorities, Reference States, and Techniques , 2007 .

[118]  Ezequiel A. Di Paolo,et al.  Ecological symmetry breaking can favour the evolution of altruism in an action-response game. , 2000 .

[119]  Thomas M. Smith,et al.  Scale and resolution of forest structural pattern , 1988, Vegetatio.

[120]  D. Lindenmayer,et al.  Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis , 2007 .

[121]  R. May,et al.  Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems , 1976, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[122]  S. Peacor,et al.  A REVIEW OF TRAIT-MEDIATED INDIRECT INTERACTIONS IN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES , 2003 .

[123]  R. Durrett,et al.  The Importance of Being Discrete (and Spatial) , 1994 .

[124]  Thorsten Wiegand,et al.  A SIMULATION MODEL FOR A SHRUB ECOSYSTEM IN THE , 1995 .

[125]  J. Walker,et al.  Ecological Field Theory: the concept and field tests , 1989, Vegetatio.

[126]  Karin Ulbrich,et al.  Intraspecific competition in a social spider , 1999 .

[127]  Janusz Uchmański,et al.  Resource partitioning among competing individuals and population persistence: an individual-based model , 2000 .

[128]  Peter Odderskær,et al.  ALMaSS, an agent-based model for animals in temperate European landscapes , 2003 .

[129]  Hauke Reuter,et al.  Emerging properties on the individual level: modelling the reproduction phase of the European robin , 1999 .

[130]  Barbara J. Campbell,et al.  Distribution and dispersal in populations capable of resource depletion , 1976, Oecologia.

[131]  John Harte,et al.  Consider a Spherical Cow: A course in environmental problem solving , 1985 .

[132]  P. Bednekoff.  Models of Adaptive Behaviour: An Approach based on State , 2000, Animal Behaviour.

[133]  Simon A. Levin,et al.  Designing marine reserves for interacting species: Insights from theory , 2007 .

[134]  W. F. Wolff.  An individual-oriented model of a wading bird nesting colony , 1994 .

[135]  M Askenazi,et al.  Community dynamics: what happens when we rerun the tape? , 2000, Journal of theoretical biology.

[136]  J. Silvertown,et al.  Population cycles caused by overcompensating density-dependence in an annual plant , 1986, Oecologia.

[137]  S. Pickett,et al.  Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities , 1987 .

[138]  Gerald J Niemi,et al.  Integrated Measures of Anthropogenic Stress in the U.S. Great Lakes Basin , 2007, Environmental management.

[139]  Florian Jeltsch,et al.  Tree Spacing and Coexistence in Semiarid Savannas , 1996 .

[140]  Daniel Simberloff,et al.  Competition Theory, Hypothesis-Testing, and Other Community Ecological Buzzwords , 1983, The American Naturalist.

[141]  Chris S. Elphick,et al.  Using a stochastic model to examine the ecological, economic and ethical consequences of population control in a charismatic invasive species: mute swans in North America , 2007 .

[142]  G B Ermentrout,et al.  Cellular automata approaches to biological modeling. , 1993, Journal of theoretical biology.

[143]  Janusz Uchmański,et al.  What promotes persistence of a single population: an individual-based model , 1999 .

[144]  Bernard P. Zeigler,et al.  Theory of Modelling and Simulation , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[145]  J. Uchmański.  Ecology of Individuals , 2002 .

[146]  Christian Wissel,et al.  Was charakterisiert Buchenurwälder? Untersuchungen der Altersstruktur des Kronendachs und der räumlichen Verteilung der Baumriesen in einem Modellwald mit Hilfe des Simulationsmodells BEFORE , 2001, Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt vereinigt mit Tharandter forstliches Jahrbuch.

[147]  T. Hara,et al.  Dynamics of size structure in plant populations. , 1988, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[149]  D. O. Logofet.  Matrix Population Models: Construction, Analysis, and Interpretation , 2002 .

[150]  Howard B. Stauffer,et al.  WHAT CAN HABITAT PREFERENCE MODELS TELL US? TESTS USING A VIRTUAL TROUT POPULATION , 2003 .

[151]  M. Nowak,et al.  Evolution of indirect reciprocity by image scoring , 1998, Nature.

[153]  Jan Lepš,et al.  Models of the development of spatial pattern of an even-aged plant population over time , 1987 .

[154]  D. Grünbaum.  Translating stochastic density-dependent individual behavior with sensory constraints to an Eulerian model of animal swarming , 1994, Journal of mathematical biology.

[155]  John A. Bissonette,et al.  Scale-Sensitive Ecological Properties: Historical Context, Current Meaning , 1997 .

[156]  H. Remmert,et al.  The Mosaic-Cycle Concept of Ecosystems — An Overview , 1991 .

[157]  K. Rose,et al.  Individual-based modeling of PCBs effects on young-of-the-year largemouth bass in southeastern USA reservoira , 1997 .

[158]  David R. B. Stockwell,et al.  Forecasting the Effects of Global Warming on Biodiversity , 2007 .

[159]  K. Rose,et al.  Model goodness-of-fit analysis using regression and related techniques , 1995 .

[160]  J. Krebs,et al.  The Survival Value of Flocking in Birds: A Simulation Model , 1974 .

[161]  W. Hamilton,et al.  The evolution of cooperation. , 1984, Science.

[162]  Christian Wissel,et al.  Babel, or the ecological stability discussions: an inventory and analysis of terminology and a guide for avoiding confusion , 1997, Oecologia.

[163]  Joern Fischer,et al.  Tackling the habitat fragmentation panchreston. , 2007, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[164]  C. Hemelrijk.  Understanding Social Behaviour with the Help of Complexity Science (Invited Article) , 2002 .

[165]  Christian Wissel,et al.  Modelling Extinction and Survival of Small Populations , 1994 .

[166]  Steven F. Railsback,et al.  ANALYSIS OF HABITAT‐SELECTION RULES USING ANINDIVIDUAL‐BASED MODEL , 2002 .

[167]  Thorsten Wiegand,et al.  RULE-BASED ASSESSMENT OF SUITABLE HABITAT AND PATCH CONNECTIVITY FOR THE EURASIAN LYNX , 2002 .

[168]  William F. Morris,et al.  DETECTING POPULATION‐LEVEL CONSEQUENCES OF ONGOING ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE WITHOUT LONG‐TERM MONITORING , 1999 .

[169]  Sigurd W. Christensen,et al.  Individual-based modeling of populations with high mortality: A new method based on following a fixed number of model individuals , 1993 .

[170]  J. Weiner,et al.  Asymmetric competition in plant populations. , 1990, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[171]  Leigh Tesfatsion,et al.  Agent-Based Computational Economics: Growing Economies From the Bottom Up , 2002, Artificial Life.

[172]  Thomas M. Smith,et al.  The potential for application of individual-based simulation models for assessing the effects of global change , 1992 .

[173]  E. David Ford,et al.  Scientific Method for Ecological Research , 2000 .

[174]  Jacob Weiner,et al.  A Neighborhood Model of Annual‐Plant Interference , 1982 .

[175]  Susanne Winter,et al.  Totholz im Buchen-Urwald: Generische Vorhersagen des Simulationsmodells BEFORECWD zur Menge, räumlichen Verteilung und Verfügbarkeit , 2003, Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt vereinigt mit Tharandter forstliches Jahrbuch.

[176]  John R. Koza,et al.  Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity. , 1995, Artificial Life.

[177]  Eric Renshaw.  Modelling biological populations in space and time , 1990 .

[178]  Tamara C. Grand.  Risk-taking behaviour and the timing of life history events : consequences of body size and season , 1999 .

[179]  J. Uchmański,et al.  Differentiation and frequency distributions of body weights in plants and animals. , 1985, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[180]  Richard J. Hobbs,et al.  Managing plant populations in fragmented landscapes: restoration or gardening? , 2007 .

[181]  S. Auyang.  Foundations of Complex-System Theories: In Economics, Evolutionary Biology, and Statistical Physics , 1998 .

[182]  Donald L. DeAngelis,et al.  Individual-Oriented Approaches to Modeling Ecological Populations and Communities , 1994 .

[183]  D. Vose.  Risk Analysis: A Quantitative Guide , 2000 .

[184]  C. Wissel,et al.  Reconciling Classical and Individual‐Based Approaches in Theoretical Population Ecology: A Protocol for Extracting Population Parameters from Individual‐Based Models , 1998, The American Naturalist.

[185]  B. Bolker,et al.  Using Moment Equations to Understand Stochastically Driven Spatial Pattern Formation in Ecological Systems , 1997, Theoretical population biology.

[186]  Jürgen Groeneveld,et al.  A spatial model of coexistence among three Banksia species along a topographic gradient in fire‐prone shrublands , 2002 .

[187]  Ludek Berec,et al.  Multiple Allee effects and population management. , 2007, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[188]  L. Walling,et al.  The Myriad Plant Responses to Herbivores , 2000, Journal of Plant Growth Regulation.

[189]  B M Bolker,et al.  Individual-based modelling: what is the difference? , 1997, Trends in Ecology & Evolution.

[190]  Marc Mangel,et al.  Explicit trade-off rules in proximate adaptive agents , 2003 .

[191]  R. R. Krausz.  Living in Groups , 2013 .

[192]  Thorsten Wiegand,et al.  Assessing the suitability of central European landscapes for the reintroduction of Eurasian lynx , 2002 .

[193]  A. Turner,et al.  Cooperative Breeding in Birds. Long-term Studies of Ecology and Behaviour, Peter B. Stacey, Walter D. Koenig (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990), xviii , 1991 .

[194]  J. Krebs,et al.  INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF PREDATORS IN A PATCHY ENVIRONMENT , 1988 .

[195]  C. Eckert,et al.  Population genetic consequences of geographic disjunction: a prairie plant isolated on Great Lakes alvars , 2007, Molecular ecology.

[196]  B A Huberman,et al.  Evolutionary games and computer simulations. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[197]  Urmas Kõljalg,et al.  Monitoring of Biological Diversity: a Common‐Ground Approach , 2007, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[198]  Marc J. Mazerolle,et al.  Patch characteristics and landscape context as predictors of species presence and abundance: A review1 , 1999 .

[199]  Ulrich Sommer,et al.  Can ecosystem properties be optimized by natural selection , 1996 .

[200]  Stewart Robinson,et al.  Simulation: A Statistical Perspective , 1993 .

[201]  Thorsten Wiegand,et al.  Finding the Missing Link between Landscape Structure and Population Dynamics: A Spatially Explicit Perspective , 1999, The American Naturalist.

[202]  Gerd Gigerenzer,et al.  Calculated Risks: How to Know When Numbers Deceive You , 2002 .

[203]  J. F. Gilliam,et al.  Habitat Selection Under Predation Hazard: Test of a Model with Foraging Minnows. , 1987, Ecology.

[204]  T. Fagerström.  On theory, data and mathematics in ecology , 1987 .

[205]  Eric C. Hellgren,et al.  Genetic structure of American black bears in the desert southwest of North America: conservation implications for recolonization , 2007, Conservation Genetics.

[206]  Charlotte K. Hemelrijk,et al.  Artificial Fish Schools: Collective Effects of School Size, Body Size, and Body Form , 2003, Artificial Life.

[207]  Paul H. Williams,et al.  The role of transitional areas as avian biodiversity centres , 2006 .

[208]  Christian Wissel,et al.  Aims and limits of ecological modelling exemplified by island theory , 1992 .

[209]  D. Botkin.  Forest Dynamics: An Ecological Model , 1993 .

[210]  Christophe Le Page,et al.  A multi-agents architecture to enhance end-user individual-based modelling , 2002 .

[211]  J. Gamarra,et al.  Metapopulation Ecology , 2007 .

[212]  T. W. Barrett,et al.  Catastrophe Theory, Selected Papers 1972-1977 , 1978, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics.

[213]  Scott Ferson,et al.  Risk assessment in conservation biology , 1993 .

[214]  Ilse Storch,et al.  On Spatial Resolution in Habitat Models: Can Small-scale Forest Structure Explain Capercaillie Numbers? , 2002 .

[215]  J Uchmański,et al.  Individual-based modelling in ecology: what makes the difference? , 1996, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[216]  George S. Fishman,et al.  Discrete-Event Simulation : Modeling, Programming, and Analysis , 2001 .

[217]  H. Pretzscha,et al.  The single tree-based stand simulator SILVA : construction , application and evaluation , 2002 .

[218]  P. Hogeweg,et al.  Individual-oriented modelling in ecology , 1990 .

[219]  Marten Scheffer,et al.  Super-individuals a simple solution for modelling large populations on an individual basis , 1995 .

[220]  Donald L. DeAngelis,et al.  UNCERTAINTY IN SPATIALLY EXPLICIT ANIMAL DISPERSAL MODELS , 2003 .

[221]  Yoshinobu Inada,et al.  Order and flexibility in the motion of fish schools. , 2002, Journal of theoretical biology.

[222]  H. Caswell.  THEORY AND MODELS IN ECOLOGY: A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE , 1988 .

[223]  G. O. Batzli,et al.  Population cycles revisited. , 1996, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[224]  G An,et al.  Agent-based computer simulation and sirs: building a bridge between basic science and clinical trials. , 2001, Shock.

[225]  J. Oostermeijer,et al.  Population viability of the narrow endemic Helianthemum juliae (CISTACEAE) in relation to climate variability , 2007 .

[226]  M A Nowak,et al.  Spatial games and the maintenance of cooperation. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[227]  A. Watt,et al.  Pattern and process in the plant community , 1947 .

[228]  Florian Jeltsch,et al.  Oscillating dispersal patterns of tephritid fly populations , 1992 .

[229]  S. Creel,et al.  Ecological Interactions, Social Organization, and Extinction Risk in African Wild Dogs , 1999 .

[230]  R. Hengeveld,et al.  The Structure of the Two Ecological Paradigms , 2000 .

[231]  C. Pfister,et al.  INDIVIDUAL VARIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL STOCHASTICITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR MATRIX MODEL PREDICTIONS , 2003 .

[232]  Steven F. Railsback,et al.  GETTING “RESULTS”: THE PATTERN‐ORIENTED APPROACH TO ANALYZING NATURAL SYSTEMS WITH INDIVIDUAL‐BASED MODELS , 2001 .

[233]  Christian Wissel,et al.  Modelling persistence in dynamic landscapes : lessons from a metapopulation of the grasshopper Bryodema tuberculata , 1997 .

[234]  Edward J. Rykiel,et al.  Testing ecological models: the meaning of validation , 1996 .

[235]  Marten Scheffer,et al.  PISCATOR, an individual-based model to analyze the dynamics of lake fish communities , 2002 .

[236]  M. A. Plessis,et al.  Obligate cavity-roosting as a constraint on dispersal of green (red-billed) woodhoopoes: consequences for philopatry and the likelihood of inbreeding , 1992, Oecologia.

[237]  M. Turner,et al.  Usefulness of spatially explicit population models in land management , 1995 .

[238]  David W. Peterson,et al.  Plant functional group responses to fire frequency and tree canopy cover gradients in oak savannas and woodlands , 2007 .

[239]  A Ratz,et al.  Long-Term Spatial Patterns Created by Fire: a Model Oriented Towards Boreal Forests , 1995 .

[240]  Renato Casagrandi,et al.  A mesoscale approach to extinction risk in fragmented habitats , 1999, Nature.

[241]  Robert M. May,et al.  Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics , 1976, Nature.

[242]  C. S. Holling,et al.  Qualitative Analysis of Insect Outbreak Systems: The Spruce Budworm and Forest , 1978 .

[243]  David R. Anderson,et al.  CLIMATE, HABITAT QUALITY, AND FITNESS IN NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL POPULATIONS IN NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA , 2000 .

[244]  Mark L. Tasker,et al.  A quantitative method for evaluating the importance of marine areas for conservation of birds , 2007 .

[245]  S. Sutherland.  What mad pursuit , 1995, Nature.

[246]  Hsin-I Wu,et al.  Ecological field theory: A spatial analysis of resource interference among plants , 1985 .

[247]  R M Nisbet,et al.  Habitat structure and population persistence in an experimental community , 2001, Nature.

[248]  Neha Bhooshan,et al.  The Simulation of the Movement of Fish Schools , 2001 .

[249]  Oswald J. Schmitz,et al.  From interesting details to dynamical relevance: toward more effective use of empirical insights in theory construction , 2001 .

[250]  Michael J. Crawley,et al.  The population dynamics of plants , 1990 .

[251]  David H. Ackley,et al.  Computation and the natural sciences , 1996 .

[252]  Peter Kareiva,et al.  Conservation easements in context: a quantitative analysis of their use by The Nature Conservancy , 2007 .

[253]  Hugh P. Possingham,et al.  Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations: Population viability analysis for conservation: the good, the bad and the undescribed , 2000 .

[254]  R. M. Newnham.  The development of a stand model for Douglas fir , 1964 .

[255]  Calvin Dytham,et al.  Simulating Ecological and Evolutionary Systems in C , 2000, Heredity.

[256]  David J. Spiegelhalter,et al.  Probabilistic Networks and Expert Systems , 1999, Information Science and Statistics.

[257]  K. Redford,et al.  Second chance for the plains bison , 2007 .

[258]  C. Breitenmoser-Würsten,et al.  Action Plan for the conservation of the Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) in Europe , 2000 .

[259]  R. Freckleton,et al.  The Ecological Detective: Confronting Models with Data , 1999 .

[260]  W. Z. Lidicker,et al.  Do lemmings commit suicide? : beautiful hypotheses and ugly facts , 1997 .

[261]  Christian Mullon,et al.  Evolutionary individual-based model for the recruitment of anchovy (Engraulis capensis) in the southern Benguela , 2002 .

[262]  A. Ricciardi,et al.  The invasiveness of an introduced species does not predict its impact , 2007, Biological Invasions.

[263]  H. Muller‐Landau,et al.  The Effects of Density, Spatial Pattern, and Competitive Symmetry on Size Variation in Simulated Plant Populations , 2001, The American Naturalist.

[264]  W. M. Lonsdale,et al.  The Self-Thinning Rule: Dead or Alive? , 1990 .

[265]  Bret C. Harvey,et al.  Individual-based Model Formulation for Cutthroat Trout, Little Jones Creek, California , 2001 .

[266]  Stephen Wolfram,et al.  A New Kind of Science , 2003, Artificial Life.

[267]  R. Spencer.  EXPERIMENTALLY TESTING NEST SITE SELECTION: FITNESS TRADE-OFFS AND PREDATION RISK IN TURTLES , 2002 .

[268]  Janusz Uchmański,et al.  Individual variability and population regulation: an individual‐based model , 2000 .

[269]  Jacob Weiner,et al.  On the Practice of Ecology , 1995 .

[270]  Y. Shin,et al.  Exploring fish community dynamics through size dependent trophic interactions using a spatialized individual based model , 2001 .

[271]  C. S. Holling.  CHAPTER 8 – The Strategy of Building Models of Complex Ecological Systems , 1966 .

[272]  Florian Jeltsch,et al.  From pattern to practice: a scaling-down strategy for spatially explicit modelling illustrated by the spread and control of rabies , 1999 .

[273]  Craig W. Reynolds.  Flocks, herds, and schools: a distributed behavioral model , 1987, SIGGRAPH.

[274]  Glenn R. Matlack,et al.  Prescribed burning and understory composition in a temperate deciduous forest, Ohio, USA , 2007 .

[275]  S. Levin,et al.  Scaling from Trees to Forests: Analysis of a Complex Simulation Model , 1997 .

[276]  Monica G. Turner,et al.  Simulating Winter Interactions Among Ungulates, Vegetation, and Fire in Northern Yellowstone Park , 1994 .

[277]  James H. Brown,et al.  Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density , 1998, Nature.

[278]  Bernard P. Zeigler,et al.  Theory of Modeling and Simulation: Integrating Discrete Event and Continuous Complex Dynamic Systems , 2000 .

[279]  Brian D. Ripley,et al.  Stochastic Simulation , 2005 .

[280]  J. Cohen,et al.  Modeling Biological Systems. Principles and Applications , 1997 .

[281]  V. Grimm.  Ten years of individual-based modelling in ecology: what have we learned and what could we learn in the future? , 1999 .

[282]  Christian Wissel,et al.  Consolidation of Vineyards, Mitigations, and Survival of the Common Wall Lizard ( Podarcis Muralis ) in Isolated Habitat Fragments , 1996 .

[283]  Jeffrey R. Walters,et al.  The consequences of disrupted dispersal in fragmented red-cockaded woodpecker Picoides borealis populations , 2002 .

[284]  Mark Westoby,et al.  The Self-Thinning Rule , 1984 .

[285]  T. Czárán,et al.  Spatiotemporal dynamic models of plant populations and communities. , 1992, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[286]  A. Ghilarov,et al.  The changing place of theory in 20th century ecology: from universal laws to array of methodologies , 2001 .

[287]  Nelson Minar,et al.  The Swarm Simulation System: A Toolkit for Building Multi-Agent Simulations , 1996 .

[288]  Thorsten Wiegand,et al.  ASSESSING THE RISK OF EXTINCTION FOR THE BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS) IN THE CORDILLERA CANTABRICA, SPAIN , 1998 .

[289]  Bernard P. Zeigler,et al.  Theory of Modelling and Simulation , 1979, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics.

[290]  Volker Grimm,et al.  MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND UNDERSTANDING IN ECOLOGY , 1994 .

[291]  Geir Huse,et al.  Artificial Evolution of Life History and Behavior , 2002, The American Naturalist.

[292]  Jason R Rohr,et al.  Developing a Monitoring Program for Invertebrates: Guidelines and a Case Study , 2007, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[293]  Peter J. Diggle,et al.  Competition for Light in a Plant Monoculture Modelled as a Spatial Stochastic Process , 1981 .

[294]  Marc Mangel,et al.  Seasonal matching of foraging to anticipated energy requirements in anorexic juvenile salmon , 1996, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[295]  Boris Zeide,et al.  Quality as a characteristic of ecological models , 1991 .

[296]  Thorsten Wiegand,et al.  Fragmented landscapes, road mortality and patch connectivity: modelling influences on the dispersal of Eurasian lynx , 2004 .

[297]  H. Ronald Pulliam,et al.  Potential Effects of a Forest Management Plan on Bachman's Sparrows (Aimophila aestivalis): Linking a Spatially Explicit Model with GIS , 1995 .

[298]  Mitchell E. McGlaughlin,et al.  Clonality in the Endangered Ambrosia pumila (Asteraceae) Inferred from RAPD Markers; Implications for Conservation and Management , 2007, Conservation Genetics.

[299]  David R. Anderson,et al.  Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach , 2001 .

[300]  E. C. Pielou.  The Usefulness of Ecological Models: A Stock-Taking , 1981, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[301]  N. Rashevsky,et al.  Mathematical biology , 1961, Connecticut medicine.

[302]  D J Cosgrove,et al.  Plant Signaling 2000. Cross talk among geneticists, physiologists, and ecologists. , 2000, Plant physiology.

[303]  B. Thierry,et al.  Feedback loop between kinship and dominance: the macaque model. , 1990, Journal of theoretical biology.

[304]  Thomas Stephan,et al.  The extinction risk of a population exploiting a resource , 1999 .

[305]  Leslie A. Real,et al.  Monte Carlo assessments of goodness-of-fit for ecological simulation models , 2003 .

[306]  Karin Frank,et al.  Pattern-oriented modelling in population ecology , 1996 .

[307]  T. Czárán,et al.  The effect of spatial pattern on community dynamics; a comparison of simulated and field data , 1989, Vegetatio.

[308]  Steven F. Railsback,et al.  Concepts from complex adaptive systems as a framework for individual-based modelling , 2001 .

[309]  Michael Sonnenschein,et al.  Modelling and simulation software to support individual-based ecological modelling , 1999 .

[310]  Dorothea Heiss-Czedik,et al.  An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. , 1997, Artificial Life.

[311]  Jacoby Carter,et al.  MOAB : a spatially explicit, individual-based expert system for creating animal foraging models , 1999 .

[312]  Julie L. Lockwood,et al.  Endangered species management requires a new look at the benefit of fire: The Cape Sable seaside sparrow in the Everglades ecosystem , 2007 .

[313]  J. Banks,et al.  Discrete-Event System Simulation , 1995 .

[314]  H. Shugart.  A Theory of Forest Dynamics , 1984 .

[315]  Peter Kareiva,et al.  Dispersal and Landscape Errors in Spatially Explicit Population Models: a Reply , 1999 .

[316]  Tamás Czárán,et al.  Spatiotemporal models of population and community dynamics , 1998 .

[317]  Antoine Guisan,et al.  How reliable is the monitoring of permanent vegetation plots? A test with multiple observers , 2007 .

[318]  R. A. Stillman,et al.  When enough is not enough: shorebirds and shellfishing , 2004, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[319]  William E. Magnusson,et al.  Error bars: Are they the king's clothes , 2000 .

[320]  Uta Berger,et al.  Virtual biologists observe virtual grasshoppers: an assessment of different mobility parameters for the analysis of movement patterns , 1999 .

[321]  J. Latto,et al.  The Differentiation of Animal Body Weights , 1992 .

[322]  C. Hemelrijk.  An individual–orientated model of the emergence of despotic and egalitarian societies , 1999, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[323]  Charles J. Krebs,et al.  The experimental approach to rodent population dynamics , 1988 .

[324]  Charles A. S. Hall,et al.  AN ASSESSMENT OF SEVERAL OF THE HISTORICALLY MOST INFLUENTIAL THEORETICAL MODELS USED IN ECOLOGY AND OF THE DATA PROVIDED IN THEIR SUPPORT , 1988 .

[325]  W. Sutherland,et al.  Model complexity and population predictions. The alpine marmot as a case study , 2002 .

[326]  Tanya J. Mason,et al.  Management regimes for a plant invader differentially impact resident communities , 2007 .

[327]  Jacob Weiner,et al.  A neighborhood view of interactions among individual plants , 2000 .

[328]  J. Giske,et al.  Ecology in Mare Pentium: an individual-based spatio-temporal model for fish with adapted behaviour , 1998 .

[329]  Karin Frank,et al.  RANKING METAPOPULATION EXTINCTION RISK: FROM PATTERNS IN DATA TO CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT DECISIONS , 2003 .

[330]  D Grünbaum,et al.  Using Spatially Explicit Models to Characterize Foraging Performance in Heterogeneous Landscapes , 1998, The American Naturalist.

[331]  John H. Holland,et al.  Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence , 1992 .

[332]  K. McCann.  The diversity–stability debate , 2000, Nature.

[333]  K. Rose,et al.  Individual-based model of stream-resident rainbow trout and brook char: model description, corroboration, and effects of sympatry and spawning season duration , 1997 .

[334]  Marc Mangel,et al.  Modelling the proximate basis of salmonid life-history variation, with application to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. , 2004, Evolutionary Ecology.

[335]  S. Pacala,et al.  Neighborhood Models of Plant Population Dynamics. I. Single-Species Models of Annuals , 1985, The American Naturalist.

[336]  Carolina Parada,et al.  Modelling the effect of buoyancy on the transport of anchovy (Engraulis capensis) eggs from spawning to nursery grounds in the southern Benguela: an IBM approach , 2003 .

[337]  C. Krebs.  Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance , 1973 .

[338]  Andreas Huth,et al.  THE SIMULATION OF FISH SCHOOLS IN COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA , 1994 .

[339]  Karl J. Niklas,et al.  Invariant scaling relations across tree-dominated communities , 2001, Nature.

[340]  Roland H. Lamberson,et al.  Conservation planning for species occupying fragmented landscapes: the case of the northern spotted owl , 1993 .

[341]  F R Adler,et al.  A model of self-thinning through local competition. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[342]  J. Harper.  Population Biology of Plants , 1979 .

[343]  P. Hogeweg.  Cellular automata as a paradigm for ecological modeling , 1988 .

[344]  Charlotte K. Hemelrijk,et al.  Self-Reinforcing Dominance Interactions Between Virtual Males and Females. Hypothesis Generation for Primate Studies , 2000, Adaptive Behavior.

[345]  L. Firbank,et al.  A model of interference within plant monocultures , 1985 .

[346]  Stephen H. Vessey,et al.  THE EFFECT OF DENSITY DEPENDENCE AND WEATHER ON POPULATION SIZE OF A POLYVOLTINE SPECIES , 1998 .

[347]  D. L. DeAngelis,et al.  Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs , 1992, Population and Community Biology Series.

[348]  Michael X Cohen,et al.  THE ROLE OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF COOPERATIVE REGIMES , 2001 .

[349]  David Tilman,et al.  Oscillations and chaos in the dynamics of a perennial grass , 1991, Nature.

[350]  R. Czaran,et al.  A simulation model for generating patterns of sessile populations. , 1984 .

[351]  Andreas Huth,et al.  The effects of tree species grouping in tropical rainforest modelling: Simulations with the individual-based model Formind , 1998 .

[352]  Richard A. Stillman,et al.  Predicting the strength of interference more quickly using behaviour‐based models , 2002 .

[353]  Robert M. May,et al.  The Role of Theory in Ecology , 1981 .

[354]  Thomas Bäck,et al.  Evolutionary computation: an overview , 1996, Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation.

[355]  R. Meldola.  Sexual Selection , 1871, Nature.

[356]  H. Malchow,et al.  Chaos and fractals in fish school motion , 2001 .

[357]  John A. Silander,et al.  Oscillatory dynamics in populations of an annual weed species Abutilon theophrasti , 1989 .

[358]  Christian Wissel,et al.  The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Grid-based Models as Tools for Ecological Research , 2000 .

[359]  B. Bolker,et al.  Spatial Moment Equations for Plant Competition: Understanding Spatial Strategies and the Advantages of Short Dispersal , 1999, The American Naturalist.

[360]  Kjell Leonardsson,et al.  Predicting Risk-Taking behaviour from Life-History Theory Using Static Optimization Technique , 1991 .

[361]  David Colander,et al.  The Economy as an Evolving Complex System III: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Edited by LAWRENCE E. BLUME and STEVEN N. DURLAUF , 2007 .

[362]  Robert H. Gardner,et al.  Individual Parameter Perturbation and Error Analysis of Fish Bioenergetics Models , 1986 .

[363]  Lawrence B. Slobodkin,et al.  A Critique for Ecology , 1991 .

[364]  RICHARD J. BLAUSTEIN,et al.  Protected Areas and Equity Concerns , 2007 .

[365]  Javier Bustamante,et al.  An integrated framework to map animal distributions in large and remote regions , 2007 .

[366]  Uta Berger,et al.  A new approach to spatially explicit modelling of forest dynamics: spacing, ageing and neighbourhood competition of mangrove trees , 2000 .

[367]  B. Thierry,et al.  Social development in three species of macaque ( Macaca mulatta , M. fascicularis , M. tonkeana ): A preliminary report on the first ten weeks of life , 1985, Behavioural Processes.

[368]  C. Clark,et al.  Dynamic Modeling in Behavioral Ecology , 2019 .

[369]  Simon A. Levin,et al.  The Role of Theoretical Ecology in the Description and Understanding of Populations in Heterogeneous Environments , 1981 .

[370]  Charlotte K. Hemelrijk,et al.  Social phenomena emerging by self-organisation in a competitive, virtual world (‘DomWorld’) , 2000 .

[371]  Deborah Charlesworth,et al.  Introduction to plant population ecology , 1983, Vegetatio.

[372]  A. Starfield.  A pragmatic approach to modeling for wildlife management , 1997 .

[373]  Amy W. Ando,et al.  On the Use of Demographic Models of Population Viability in Endangered Species Management , 1998 .

[374]  G. Huse,et al.  Modelling changes in migration pattern of herring: collective behaviour and numerical domination , 2002 .

[375]  A. Lomnicki,et al.  Population ecology of individuals. , 1989, Monographs in population biology.

[376]  Douglass F. Jacobs,et al.  Toward development of silvical strategies for forest restoration of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) using blight-resistant hybrids , 2007 .

[377]  A. Corten,et al.  A proposed mechanism for the Bohuslan herring periods , 1999 .

[378]  Wolf M. Mooij,et al.  Differences in the exploitation of bream in three shallow lake systems and their relation to water quality , 2002 .

[379]  P. J. Boer,et al.  Regulation and Stabilization Paradigms in Population Ecology , 1996 .

[380]  Glenn W. Suter,et al.  Abuse of hypothesis testing statistics in ecological risk assessment , 1996 .

[381]  A. Galston.  Fundamentals of Ecology , 1972, The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine.

[382]  Annabel Porté,et al.  Modelling mixed forest growth: a review of models for forest management , 2002 .

[383]  Tomasz Wyszomirski,et al.  Modelling the role of social behavior in the persistence of the alpine marmot Marmota marmota , 2003 .

[384]  K. Rose,et al.  Individual variability and spatial heterogeneity in fish population models , 1994, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries.

[385]  Richard A. Stillman,et al.  Density‐dependent starvation in a vertebrate without significant depletion , 2001 .

[386]  S. Korpel,et al.  Die Urwälder der Westkarpaten , 1995 .

[387]  S. Blackmore.  The Meme Machine , 1999 .

[388]  N. Stenseth,et al.  Cycles and trends in cod populations. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[389]  M. Huston,et al.  A theory of the spatial and temporal dynamics of plant communities , 1989, Vegetatio.

[390]  Johanna Schmitt,et al.  A Test of the Adaptive Plasticity Hypothesis Using Transgenic and Mutant Plants Disabled in Phytochrome-Mediated Elongation Responses to Neighbors , 1995, The American Naturalist.

[391]  James R. Miller,et al.  Evaluation of Central North American Prairie Management Based on Species Diversity, Life Form, and Individual Species Metrics , 2007, Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology.

[392]  Tomasz Wyszomirski,et al.  Simple mechanisms of size distribution dynamics in crowded and uncrowded virtual monocultures , 1999 .

[393]  L. Oksanen,et al.  Are lemmings prey or predators? , 2000, Nature.

[394]  Heikki Hirvonen,et al.  Significance of memory properties in prey choice decisions , 1999 .

[395]  JEFFREY D. PARRISH,et al.  Improving the Key Biodiversity Areas Approach for Effective Conservation Planning , 2007 .

[396]  Adam Iomnicki,et al.  INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMALS AND THE NATURAL REGULATION OF THEIR NUMBERS , 1978 .

[397]  Hsin-I Wu,et al.  Self-thinning rule : a causal interpretation from ecological field theory , 2000 .

[398]  Florian Jeltsch,et al.  Modelling dieback phenomena in natural forests , 1994 .

[399]  J. Platt.  Strong Inference , 2007 .

[400]  V. Grimm,et al.  Animal species diversity driven by habitat heterogeneity/diversity: the importance of keystone structures , 2004 .

[401]  Karl A. Smith,et al.  How to Model It: Problem Solving for the Computer Age , 1994 .

[402]  G. F.,et al.  From individuals to aggregations: the interplay between behavior and physics. , 1999, Journal of theoretical biology.

[403]  M. Mitchell Waldrop,et al.  Complexity : the emerging science and the edge of order and chaos , 1992 .

[404]  Paul W. Box,et al.  An individual-based model of canid populations: modelling territoriality and social structure , 2003 .

[405]  S. Kauffman.  At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity , 1995 .

[406]  Steven F. Railsback,et al.  Movement rules for individual-based models of stream fish , 1999 .

[407]  Christos Faloutsos,et al.  The R+-Tree: A Dynamic Index for Multi-Dimensional Objects , 1987, VLDB.

[408]  Graeme D. Ruxton.  Effects of the spatial and temporal ordering of events on the behaviour of a simple cellular automaton , 1996 .

[409]  David J. Thompson,et al.  Roosting site selection in the endangered damselfly, Coenagrion mercuriale, and implications for habitat design , 2007, Journal of Insect Conservation.

[410]  William G. Wilson,et al.  Mobility versus density-limited predator-prey dynamics on different spatial scales , 1991, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[411]  Richard A. Stillman,et al.  Carrying capacity in overwintering migratory birds , 2002 .

[412]  Jack C. Schultz,et al.  CROSS‐KINGDOM CROSS‐TALK: HORMONES SHARED BY PLANTS AND THEIR INSECT HERBIVORES , 2004 .

[413]  J. Casti,et al.  Would-Be Worlds , 1996 .

[414]  W. Sutherland.  From Individual Behaviour to Population Ecology , 1996 .

[415]  Rick L. Riolo,et al.  Beyond Geography: Cooperation with Persistent Links in the Absence of Clustered Neighborhoods , 2002 .

[416]  N. C. Kenkel,et al.  Spatial Competition Models for Plant Populations , 1991 .

[417]  D. DeAngelis,et al.  Cannibalism and size dispersal in young-of-the-year largemouth bass: Experiment and model , 1980 .

[418]  J. R. Wallis,et al.  Some ecological consequences of a computer model of forest growth , 1972 .

[419]  Volker Grimm,et al.  Individual-based modelling and ecological theory: synthesis of a workshop , 1999 .

[420]  Charles A. S. Hall,et al.  An idiosyncratic assessment of the role of mathematical models in environmental sciences , 1991 .

[421]  E. Schlesinger,et al.  The science of scientific writing , 1979, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[422]  M. Saunders,et al.  Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects: a Protective Mutualism and Its Applications , 2009 .

[423]  J. Giske,et al.  Modelling spatial dynamics of fish , 2004, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries.

[424]  E. Winkler,et al.  Sexual and vegetative reproduction of Hieracium pilosella L. under competition and disturbance: a grid-based simulation model. , 2002, Annals of botany.

[425]  Uta Berger,et al.  Asymmetric competition as a natural outcome of neighbour interactions among plants: results from the field-of-neighbourhood modelling approach , 2004, Plant Ecology.

[426]  O P Judson,et al.  The rise of the individual-based model in ecology. , 1994, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[427]  P. Hogeweg,et al.  The ontogeny of the interaction structure in bumble bee colonies: A MIRROR model , 1983, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.

[428]  E. H. van Nes.  Controlling complexity in individual-based models of aquatic vegetation and fish communities , 2002 .

[429]  Seth Bullock,et al.  Simulation models as opaque thought experiments , 2000 .

[430]  G. Booth.  Applications of individual-based modelling in microbial ecology , 1999 .

[431]  Yoh Iwasa,et al.  Dynamics of a metapopulation with space-limited subpopulations , 1986 .

[432]  S. Bailey.  Increasing connectivity in fragmented landscapes: An investigation of evidence for biodiversity gain in woodlands , 2007 .

[433]  J. Bown,et al.  Towards a general theory of biodiversity , 2001, Nature.

[434]  Steven J. Cooke,et al.  Conservation of Aquatic Resources through the Use of Freshwater Protected Areas: Opportunities and Challenges , 2007, Biodiversity and Conservation.

[435]  S. L. Lima,et al.  Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes. , 1996, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[436]  Hong S. He,et al.  Modeling the long-term effects of fire suppression on central hardwood forests in Missouri Ozarks, using LANDIS , 2007 .

[437]  Ginger Booth,et al.  Gecko: A Continuous 2D World for Ecological Modeling , 1997, Artificial Life.

[438]  David Claessen,et al.  Dwarfs and Giants: Cannibalism and Competition in Size‐Structured Populations , 2000, The American Naturalist.

[439]  Stefano Tarantola,et al.  Sensitivity Analysis in Practice: A Guide to Assessing Scientific Models , 2004 .

[440]  Sandra L. Vehrencamp,et al.  A model for the evolution of despotic versus egalitarian societies , 1983, Animal Behaviour.