GeometricVarianc eReductioninMark ovChains. ApplicationtoVal ueFunctionandGra dientEstimation

We study a sequential variance reduction technique for Monte Carlo estimation of functionals in Markov Chains. The method is based on designing sequential control variates using successive approximations of the function of interest V . Regular Monte Carlo estimates have a variance of O(1=N), where N is the number of samples. Here, we obtain a geometric variance reduction O( N ) (with < 1) up to a threshold that depends on the approximation error V AV , where A is an approximation operator linear in the values. Thus, if V belongs to the right approximation space (i.e. AV = V ), the variance decreases geometrically to zero. An immediate application is value function estimation in Markov chains, which may be used for policy evaluation in policy iteration for Markov Decision Processes. Another important domain, for which variance reduction is highly needed, is gradient estimation, that is computing the sensitivity @ V of the performance measure V with respect to some parameter of the transition probabilities. For example, in parametric optimization of the policy, an estimate of the policy gradient is required to perform a gradient optimization method. We show that, using two approximations, the value function and the gradient, a geometric variance reduction is also achieved, up to a threshold that depends on the approximation errors of both of those representations.