Effects of dietary crude protein level and N-carbamylglutamate supplementation on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity of jejunum in growing pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary CP level and N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and ileal digestibility of nutrients and digestive enzyme activity of jejunum in growing pigs. In Exp. 1, ten Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows (initial BW: 48.7 kg) were allotted to a 3-period switchback design with 5 experimental diets and 2 replicate pigs per diet in each period. Diets were high-CP (HP, 18% CP), moderate low-CP (MLP, 15% CP), very low-CP (VLP, 12% CP), and MLP and VLP with 0.1% NCG supplementation. Feces and urine were collected from d 6 to 11 after a 5-d adaptation period. The DE, ME and ATTD of GE, OM, CP, NDF, ADF and P decreased (P < 0.01) with reduction of dietary CP, but no effect of dietary treatments on pig daily N retention was detected. The NCG supplementation increased (P < 0.01) DE and ATTD of ADF of VLP diet. In Exp. 2, ten jejunal-cannulated Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows (initial BW: 44.5 kg) were fed 5 diets for 3 periods as Exp. 1. Jejunal fluid was collected on d 6 and 8 after a 5-d adaptation period. The digestive enzymes activity were not affected by dietary CP level, except for α-amylase, for which there was a decrease (P < 0.01) in pigs fed VLP diets compared to HP and MLP diets. In Exp. 3, twelve ileal-cannulated Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire barrows (initial BW: 46.7 kg) were allotted to a 3-period switchback design with 6 diets and 2 replicate pigs per diet in each period. The 6 experimental diets consisted of 5 experimental diets as Exp. 1 and 1 N-free diet. Ileal digesta was collected from d 6 to 8 after a 5-d adaptation period. Results indicated that apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and P and ileal digestibility of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Phe and all dispensable AA, except Pro decreased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed VLP diet compared to HP and MLP diets, but AID of GE, OM, EE, NDF, and ADF were not affected. The supplementation of NCG in VLP diet increased (P < 0.01) the AID of CP and ileal digestibility of Arg, His, Leu, Phe, Val, Ser and Tyr. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP level decreased nutrient digestibility, but improved the efficiency of dietary N utilization and reduced N emission. Moderate reduction of dietary CP level had a minimal effect on nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity. Additionally, NCG supplementation plays beneficial effect on nutrient digestion only if the dietary CP level is extremely lowered.

[1]  Xiangfang Zeng,et al.  Effects of feeding growing-finishing pigs with low crude protein diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and nutrient digestibility in different areas of China , 2019, Animal Feed Science and Technology.

[2]  X. Lei,et al.  Effects of different levels of dietary protein with or without plant extract YGF251 on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecal microbial shedding, and fecal gas emission in growing pigs. , 2019, Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho.

[3]  S. Cao,et al.  Effects of dietary phosphorus concentration and body weight on postileal phosphorus digestion in pigs , 2018, Animal Feed Science and Technology.

[4]  G. Wang,et al.  Advances in low-protein diets for swine , 2018, Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology.

[5]  H. Stein,et al.  Effects of increasing concentrations of an Escherichia coli phytase on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and the apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients in corn-soybean meal diets fed to growing pigs. , 2018, Journal of animal science.

[6]  Xin Zhang,et al.  Dietary protein level affects nutrient digestibility and ileal microbiota structure in growing pigs. , 2018, Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho.

[7]  Xiangfang Zeng,et al.  Dietary N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation in a Reduced Protein Diet Affects Carcass Traits and the Profile of Muscle Amino Acids and Fatty Acids in Finishing Pigs. , 2017, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[8]  D. Ragland,et al.  Influence of dietary crude protein and phosphorus on ileal digestion of phosphorus and amino acids in growing pigs. , 2017, Journal of animal science.

[9]  Defa Li,et al.  Net energy of corn, soybean meal and rapeseed meal in growing pigs , 2017, Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology.

[10]  D. Tomé,et al.  Gut microbiota role in dietary protein metabolism and health-related outcomes: The two sides of the coin , 2016 .

[11]  K. Ajuwon,et al.  Phosphorus and nitrogen utilization responses of broiler chickens to dietary crude protein and phosphorus levels. , 2016, Poultry science.

[12]  Li Wang,et al.  Influence of low protein diets on gene expression of digestive enzymes and hormone secretion in the gastrointestinal tract of young weaned piglets , 2016, Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B.

[13]  E. Kiarie,et al.  Performance, digestive function, and mucosal responses to selected feed additives for pigs , 2016 .

[14]  J. D. Berrocoso,et al.  Dietary fiber and protein fermentation in the intestine of swine and their interactive effects on gut health and on the environment: A review , 2016 .

[15]  Fuqing Wu,et al.  Determination of the energy content and amino acid digestibility of double-low rapeseed cakes fed to growing pigs , 2015 .

[16]  Xiangfang Zeng,et al.  Oral administration of N-carbamylglutamate might improve growth performance and intestinal function of suckling piglets , 2015 .

[17]  Guoyao Wu,et al.  Low-protein diets affect ileal amino acid digestibility and gene expression of digestive enzymes in growing and finishing pigs , 2015, Amino Acids.

[18]  D. Ragland,et al.  Apparent or Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids of Diets Containing Different Protein Feedstuffs Fed at Two Crude Protein Levels for Growing Pigs , 2015, Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences.

[19]  J. Pérez,et al.  Influence of the protein status of piglets on their ability to select and prefer protein sources , 2014, Physiology & Behavior.

[20]  J. van Milgen,et al.  The use of free amino acids allows formulating very low crude protein diets for piglets. , 2014, Journal of animal science.

[21]  C. Nyachoti,et al.  Dietary supplementation with N-carbamylglutamate increases the expression of intestinal amino acid transporters in weaned Huanjiang mini-pig piglets. , 2013, Journal of animal science.

[22]  S. Colombini,et al.  Effects of high fibre and low protein diets on performance, digestibility, nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission in the heavy pig , 2010 .

[23]  Guoyao Wu,et al.  Dietary supplementation with l-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate enhances intestinal growth and heat shock protein-70 expression in weanling pigs fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet , 2010, Amino Acids.

[24]  S. Qiao,et al.  Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids on performance and intestinal development in piglets over the first 2 weeks after weaning , 2008 .

[25]  Guoyao Wu,et al.  Dietary arginine supplementation increases mTOR signaling activity in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs. , 2008, The Journal of nutrition.

[26]  S. Hou,et al.  Effects of dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein content on the activities of digestive enzymes in jejunal fluid of Peking ducks. , 2007, Poultry science.

[27]  Guoyao Wu,et al.  Oral N-carbamylglutamate supplementation increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of piglets. , 2007, The Journal of nutrition.

[28]  P. Moughan,et al.  Invited review: Amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients: terminology and application. , 2007, Journal of animal science.

[29]  P. Trevisi,et al.  The effect of dietary protein and fermentable carbohydrates levels on growth performance and intestinal characteristics in newly weaned piglets. , 2006, Journal of animal science.

[30]  J. O’Doherty,et al.  The effect of dietary crude protein level, cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, faecal volatile fatty acid concentration and ammonia emissions from pigs , 2006 .

[31]  C. Nyachoti,et al.  Performance responses and indicators of gastrointestinal health in early-weaned pigs fed low-protein amino acid-supplemented diets. , 2006, Journal of animal science.

[32]  B. Kerr,et al.  Influences of dietary protein level, amino acid supplementation and environmental temperature on performance, body composition, organ weights and total heat production of growing pigs. , 2003, Journal of animal science.

[33]  J. van Milgen,et al.  Energy utilization of low-protein diets in growing pigs. , 2001, Journal of animal science.

[34]  J. Noblet,et al.  Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs. , 1994, Journal of animal science.

[35]  P. V. Soest,et al.  Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. , 1991, Journal of dairy science.

[36]  Kenneth Helrick,et al.  Official methods of analysis , 1990 .

[37]  W. Horwitz.  Official Methods of Analysis , 1980 .

[38]  Board on Agriculture,et al.  Nutrient requirements of swine , 1964 .

[39]  A. Dahlqvist,et al.  A method for the determination of amylase in intestinal content. , 1962, Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation.