The insect growth regulator insecticide cyromazine causes earlier emergence in Drosophila melanogaster.

The insecticide cyromazine, classified as an insect growth regulator, inhibits the growth and development of Diptera. The precise mode of cyromazine action remains unknown. We investigated mortality and developmental time effects after exposing first instar Drosophila melanogaster larvae to cyromazine for 8-h intervals. Significant increases in mortality were only observed for cyromazine exposure within the first 16 h of the first instar stage, suggesting that cyromazine accumulates in the larvae over time and that there is a delay between cyromazine exposure and effect. We observed that exposure to cyromazine during the early first instar stage resulted in earlier eclosion of adults when compared to cyromazine exposure at later first instar stages. The presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone during cyromazine exposure significantly reduced the lethal effect of cyromazine. We raise the possibility that the mode of cyromazine action is related to the development hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone.

[1]  J. A. Mckenzie,et al.  Positional cloning of a cyromazine resistance gene in Drosophila melanogaster , 2006, Insect molecular biology.

[2]  I. Ishaaya.  Novel insecticides: Modes of action and resistance mechanism , 2005 .

[3]  E. Dubrovsky.  Hormonal cross talk in insect development , 2005, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.

[4]  Y. Stenstrøm,et al.  Insect juvenile hormone analogues and their biological activity on sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). , 2004, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[5]  L. Gilbert,et al.  Phantom encodes the 25-hydroxylase of Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori: a P450 enzyme critical in ecdysone biosynthesis. , 2004, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.

[6]  S. Kato,et al.  Juvenile hormones antagonize ecdysone actions through co-repressor recruitment to EcR/USP heterodimers. , 2004, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[7]  L. Gilbert.  Halloween genes encode P450 enzymes that mediate steroid hormone biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster , 2004, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.

[8]  L. Gilbert,et al.  Shade is the Drosophila P450 enzyme that mediates the hydroxylation of ecdysone to the steroid insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[9]  L. Gilbert,et al.  Molecular and biochemical characterization of two P450 enzymes in the ecdysteroidogenic pathway of Drosophila melanogaster , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[10]  C. Thummel,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of developmental timing in C. elegans and Drosophila. , 2001, Developmental cell.

[11]  P. Weintraub.  Effects of cyromazine and abamectin on the pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and its parasitoid Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in potatoes , 2001 .

[12]  P. Wiesner,et al.  Candidate target mechanisms of the growth inhibitor cyromazine: studies of phenylalanine hydroxylase, puparial amino acids, and dihydrofolate reductase in dipteran insects. , 2000, Archives of insect biochemistry and physiology.

[13]  B. Chen,et al.  Biological activity of two juvenoids and two ecdysteroids against three stored product insects. , 2000, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.

[14]  J. A. Mckenzie,et al.  A Genetic Analysis of Cyromazine Resistance in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) , 2000, Journal of economic entomology.

[15]  L. Gilbert,et al.  Metamorphosis : postembryonic reprogramming of gene expression in amphibian and insect cells , 1996 .

[16]  E. Viñuela,et al.  Ultrastructure of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann larval integument and changes induced by the IGI cyromazine , 1994 .

[17]  D. Birch,et al.  Cyromazine-induced effects on the larval cuticle of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina: Ultrastructural evidence for a possible mode of action , 1988 .

[18]  A. Retnakaran,et al.  Studies on cyromazine and diflubenzuron in the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina: Inhibition of vertebrate and bacterial dihydrofolate reductase by cyromazine , 1987 .

[19]  N. Motoyama,et al.  Studies on cyromazine in the house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). , 1985, Journal of economic entomology.

[20]  T. Friedel,et al.  Cyromazine inhibits reproduction and larval development of the Australian sheep blow fly (diptera: Calliphoridae). , 1985, Journal of economic entomology.

[21]  K. Binnington.  Ultrastructural changes in the cuticle of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia, induced by certain insecticides and biological inhibitors. , 1985, Tissue & cell.

[22]  M. Mulla,et al.  Morphogenetic and histopathological effects induced by the insect growth regulator cyromazine in Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). , 1984, Journal of medical entomology.

[23]  N. Price,et al.  Some effects of CGA 72662 on larval development in the housefly, Musca domestica (L.) , 1984 .

[24]  J. Casida,et al.  CYROMAZINE‐SENSITIVE STAGES OF HOUSEFLY DEVELOPMENT: INFLUENCE OF PENETRATION, METABOLISM AND PERSISTENCE ON POTENCY , 1983 .

[25]  I. Turnbull,et al.  Effects of Several Larvicidal Compounds on Chitin Biosynthesis by Isolated Larval Integuments of the Sheep Blowfly Lucilia cuprina , 1982 .