Some Notes on the History of Parametric Transducers

This paper summarizes briefly the chronology of the development of parametric transducers. The early works of Michael Faraday (1831), F. Melde (1859), and Lord Rayleigh (1883) are cited as mechanical examples and the pioneering work of L. Kühn, J. Zenneck, E. F. W. Alexanderson and R. V. L. Hartley are cited as electrical examples. A very brief résumé of selected contributions follows, dating from the work on H. Q. North's diodes in 1945 to the present flurry of excitement beginning in 1954, created by the development of the Signal Corps-Bell Laboratories Task 8 varactor diodes. A list of 200 selected references is included.

[1]  R. D. Weglein,et al.  Low-Noise Parametric Amplifier , 1960, Proceedings of the IRE.

[2]  H. Sommers.  Tunnel Diodes as High-Frequency Devices , 1959, Proceedings of the IRE.

[3]  M. R. Boyd,et al.  Parametric Energy Conversion in Distributed Systems , 1959, Proceedings of the IRE.

[4]  K. Kurokawa,et al.  Mode Theory of Lossless Periodically Distributed Parametric Amplifiers , 1959 .

[5]  E.D. Reed,et al.  The variable-capacitance parametric amplifier , 1959, IRE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[6]  G. Wade,et al.  A low-noise electron-beam parametric amplifier , 1959, IRE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[7]  E. W. Sard,et al.  Analysis of a Negative Conductance Amplifier Operated with a Nonideal Circulator , 1959 .

[8]  R. L. Wigington.  A New Concept in Computing , 1959, Proceedings of the IRE.

[9]  L. Valdes.  Proposed Microwave Mixer Diode of Improved Conversion Efficiency , 1959 .

[10]  H. Kromer.  The Physical Principles of a Negative-Mass Amplifier , 1959, Proceedings of the IRE.

[11]  P. Lombardo,et al.  Low-noise 400-Mc reactance amplifiers , 1959 .

[12]  A. Uhlir,et al.  Amplification by nonlinear reactance: A survey , 1959 .

[13]  K. Kotzebue.  Large-signal characteristics of three-frequency cavity parametric amplifiers , 1959 .

[14]  R. Engelbrecht,et al.  Nonlinear-reactance (parametric) traveling-wave amplifiers for UHF , 1959 .

[15]  Hsiung Hsu,et al.  Multiple frequency parametric devices , 1959 .

[16]  Richard H. Pantell,et al.  General power relationships for positive and negative nonlinear resistive elements , 1958, Proceedings of the IRE.

[17]  A. Ashkin.  Parametric Amplification of Space Charge Waves , 1958 .

[18]  H. Haus.  The kinetic power theorem for parametric, longitudinal, electron-beam amplifiers , 1958, IRE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[19]  S. Saito.  New method of measuring the noise parameters of an electron beam , 1958, IRE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[20]  H. Suhl.  The ferromagnetic microwave amplifier , 1958 .

[21]  P. K. Tien,et al.  Parametric Amplification and Frequency Mixing in Propagating Circuits , 1958 .

[22]  G. Wade,et al.  Gain, Band Width, and Noise Characteristics of the Variable‐Parameter Amplifier , 1958 .

[23]  L. Valdes.  Circuit Conditions for Parametric Amplification , 1958 .

[24]  G. Wade,et al.  Minimum Noise Figure of a Parametric Amplifier , 1958 .

[25]  D. Leenov.  Gain and noise figure of a variable-capacitance up-converter , 1958 .

[26]  R. Beam.  Report of Advances in Microwave Theory and Techniques-1957 , 1958 .

[27]  A. Uhlir,et al.  Shot noise in p-n junction frequency converters , 1958 .

[28]  K. M. Poole,et al.  A Ferromagnetic Resonance Frequency Converter , 1958, Proceedings of the IRE.

[29]  A. Uhlir.  The Potential of Semiconductor Diodes in High-Frequency Communications , 1958, Proceedings of the IRE.

[30]  S. Bloom,et al.  A Parametric Amplifier Using Lower-Frequency Pumping , 1958, Proceedings of the IRE.

[31]  H. E. Rowe,et al.  Some General Properties of Nonlinear Elements. II. Small Signal Theory , 1958, Proceedings of the IRE.

[32]  C. Quate,et al.  Parametric Amplification of Space Charge Waves , 1958, Proceedings of the IRE.

[33]  P. K. Tien,et al.  A Traveling-Wave Ferromagnetic Amplifier , 1958, Proceedings of the IRE.

[34]  S. Bloom,et al.  Parametric Amplification Using Low‐Frequency Pumping , 1958 .

[35]  K. Stevens.  Amplification using a Precessing Magnetic Moment , 1958 .

[36]  H. Suhl.  Origin and Use of Instabilities in Ferromagnetic Resonance , 1958 .

[37]  H. Krömer.  Proposed Negative-Mass Microwave Amplifier , 1958 .

[38]  P. Vartanian,et al.  New Type of Ferromagnetic Amplifier , 1958 .

[39]  A. Cullen,et al.  A Travelling-Wave Parametric Amplifier , 1958, Nature.

[40]  T. Bridges,et al.  Experimental 8-MM Klystron Power Amplifiers , 1958, Proceedings of the IRE.

[41]  L. Esaki.  New Phenomenon in Narrow Germanium p-n Junctions , 1958 .

[42]  H. Suhl.  Theory of the Ferromagnetic Microwave Amplifier , 1957 .

[43]  M. T. Weiss,et al.  A Solid-State Microwave Amplifier and Oscillator Using Ferrites , 1957 .

[44]  L. Giacoletto.  Junction capacitance and related characteristics using graded impurity semiconductors , 1957, IRE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[45]  S. Duinker.  GENERAL PROPERTIES OF FREQUENCY-CONVERTING NETWORKS *) , 1957 .

[46]  W. P. Ayres,et al.  Microwave Frequency Doubling from 9 to 18 KMC in Ferrites , 1957, Proceedings of the IRE.

[47]  C. Page.  Frequency conversion with nonlinear reactance , 1957 .

[48]  H. Suhl,et al.  Proposal for a Ferromagnetic Amplifier in the Microwave Range , 1957 .

[49]  J. Schäffer.  Zur Theorie der elektrischen Netzwerke mit nichtlinearen Elementen , 1957 .

[50]  C. F. Edwards.  Frequency conversion by means of a nonlinear admittance , 1956 .

[51]  H. Suhl.  The Nonlinear Behavior of Ferrites at High Microwave Signal Levels , 1956, Proceedings of the IRE.

[52]  A. Uhlir.  Two-Terminal P-N Junction Devices for Frequency Conversion and Computation , 1956, Proceedings of the IRE.

[53]  W. Higa.  Theory of Nonlinear Coupling in a Novel Ferroelectric Device , 1956 .

[54]  H. Rowe,et al.  Some General Properties of Nonlinear Elements-Part I. General Energy Relations , 1956, Proceedings of the IRE.

[55]  A. van der Ziel,et al.  Theory of Shot Noise in Junction Diodes and Junction Transistors , 1955 .

[56]  R. Duffin.  Impossible Behavior of Nonlinear Networks , 1955 .

[57]  W. P. Mason,et al.  Ferroelectrics and the Dielectric Amplifier , 1954, Proceedings of the IRE.

[58]  J. Manley,et al.  Some General Properties of Magnetic Amplifiers , 1951, Proceedings of the IRE.

[59]  W.R. Bennett,et al.  A General Review of Linear Varying Parameter and Nonlinear Circuit Analysis , 1950, Proceedings of the IRE.

[60]  A. Van Der Ziel,et al.  On the Mixing Properties of Non‐Linear Condensers , 1948 .

[61]  J. Manley,et al.  Negative Resistance Effects in Saturable Reactor Circuits , 1946, Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

[62]  H. Q. North.  Properties of Welded Contact Germanium Rectifiers , 1946 .

[63]  N. Minorsky,et al.  On parametric excitation , 1945 .

[64]  L.C. Peterson,et al.  The Performance and Measurement of Mixers in Terms of Linear-Network Theory , 1945, Proceedings of the IRE.

[65]  R. V. L. Hartley,et al.  Oscillations in systems with non-linear reactance , 1936 .

[66]  R. M. Kalb,et al.  Ferromagnetic distortion of a two-frequency wave , 1935 .

[67]  B. V. D. Pol.  The Nonlinear Theory of Electric Oscillations , 1934 .

[68]  W. Bennett.  New results in the calculation of modulation products , 1933 .

[69]  E.F.W. Alexanderson,et al.  A Magnetic Amplifier for Radio Telephony , 1916, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers.

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[71]  B. Lax.  Microwaves and Solid State , 1962 .

[72]  F. A. Brand,et al.  The Reactatron-A Low-Noise, Semiconductor Diode, Microwave Amplifier , 1959, Proceedings of the IRE.

[73]  W. E. Danielson.  Low Noise in Solid State Parametric Amplifiers at Microwave Frequencies , 1959 .

[74]  G. Wade,et al.  Supperregenerative operation of parametric amplifiers , 1959 .

[75]  H. Heffner,et al.  Solid-State Microwave Amplifiers , 1959 .

[76]  B. Lax.  The Status of Microwave Applications of Ferrites and Semiconductors , 1958 .

[77]  G. Wade,et al.  Noise, gain, and bandwidth characteristics of the variable parameter amplifier , 1958, IRE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[78]  H. Suhl.  Quantum analog of the ferromagnetic microwave amplifier , 1958 .

[79]  A. Macpherson.  An Analysis of the Diode Mixer Consisting of Nonlinear Capacitance and Conductance and Ohmic Spreading Resistance , 1957 .

[80]  H. Suhl.  The theory of ferromagnetic resonance at high signal powers , 1957 .

[81]  Michael Faraday,et al.  XVII. On a peculiar class of acoustical figures; and on certain forms assumed by groups of particles upon vibrating elastic surfaces , 1831, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.