3.01 – Composition of the Continental Crust
暂无分享,去创建一个
[1] Anne S. Meltzer,et al. Nanga Parbat crustal anisotropy: Implications for interpretation of crustal velocity structure and shear‐wave splitting , 2001 .
[2] P. H. Nixon,et al. Lower crustal granulite xenoliths in carbonatite volcanoes of the Western Rift of East Africa , 1987, Mineralogical Magazine.
[3] W. Davis. U-Pb zircon and rutile ages from granulite xenoliths in the Slave province: Evidence for mafic magmatism in the lower crust coincident with Proterozoic dike swarms , 1997 .
[4] R. Rudnick,et al. Age diversity of the deep crust in northern Mexico , 1991 .
[5] K. H. Wedepohl,et al. Terrestrial geochemistry of Cd, Bi, Tl, Pb, Zn and Rb , 1980 .
[6] D. James,et al. Fine structure of the lowermost crust beneath the Kaapvaal craton and its implications for crustal formation and evolution , 2002 .
[7] S. Taylor,et al. The composition and evolution of the continental crust: rare earth element evidence from sedimentary rocks , 1981, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
[8] H. Downes. The nature of the lower continental crust of Europe: petrological and geochemical evidence from xenoliths , 1993 .
[9] K. Mezger,et al. Origin of Granulite Terranes and the Formation of the Lowermost Continental Crust , 1989, Science.
[10] A. T. Anderson. Parental basalts in subduction zones: Implications for continental evolution , 1982 .
[11] P. Kempton,et al. Mafic Granulite Xenoliths in Neogene Alkali Basalts from the Western Pannonian Basin: Insights into the Lower Crust of a Collapsed Orogen , 1997 .
[12] H. Korhonen,et al. Crustal structure of the baltic shield based on off-FENNOLORA refraction data , 1986 .
[13] J. G. Holland,et al. Major element chemical composition of shields and the continental crust , 1972 .
[14] F. Ortega-Gutiérrez,et al. Young high-temperature granulites from the base of the crust in central Mexico , 1989, Nature.
[15] P. Kempton,et al. Crustal make-up of the northern Andes: evidence based on deep crustal xenolith suites, Mercaderes, SW Colombia , 2002 .
[16] D. Mittlefehldt. Petrology of high pressure clinopyroxenite series xenoliths, Mount Carmel, Israel , 1986 .
[17] S. Taylor,et al. Heat Flow and the Chemical Composition of Continental Crust , 1996, The Journal of Geology.
[18] N. Rogers,et al. Proterozoic age and cumulate origin for granulite xenoliths, Lesotho , 1982, Nature.
[19] P. J. Patchett,et al. Proterozoic and Phanerozoic basement terranes of Mexico from Nd isotopic studies , 1988 .
[20] G. Pattenden,et al. An Estimate of the Chemical Composition of the Canadian Precambrian Shield , 1967 .
[21] S. O’Reilly,et al. Thermal state of the lithosphere beneath Central Mongolia: evidence from deep-seated xenoliths from the Shavaryn-Saram volcanic centre in the Tariat depression, Hangai, Mongolia , 1995 .
[22] R. Keays,et al. Additional estimates of continental surface Precambrian shield composition in Canada , 1976 .
[23] N. Pearson,et al. Mesozoic lower crustal xenoliths and their significance in lithospheric evolution beneath the Sino-Korean Craton , 2003 .
[24] M. Thirlwall,et al. Lower crustal granulite xenoliths from the Pannonian Basin, Hungary. Part 1: mineral chemistry, thermobarometry and petrology , 2003 .
[25] J. Ruíz,et al. Geochemistry of exposed granulite facies terrains and lower crustal xenoliths in Mexico , 1989 .
[26] J. Juhanoja,et al. Petrology and geochemistry of mafic granulite xenoliths from the Lahtojoki kimberlite pipe, eastern Finland , 2000 .
[27] X. Pichon,et al. Uplift of Tibet: from eclogites to granulites — implications for the Andean Plateau and the Variscan belt , 1997 .
[28] J. H. Berg,et al. Lateral Isotopic Discontinuity in the Lower Crust: An Example from Antarctica , 1987, Science.
[29] R. Carlson,et al. Lower crustal evolution under central Arizona: Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic and geochemical evidence from the mafic xenoliths of Camp Creek , 1988 .
[30] W. Griffin,et al. Combined U-Pb dating and Sm-Nd studies on lower crustal and mantle xenoliths from the Delegate basaltic pipes, southeastern Australia , 1998 .
[31] B. Upton,et al. Pyroxenite and granulite xenoliths from beneath the Scottish Northern Highlands Terrane: evidence for lower-crust/upper-mantle relationships , 2001 .
[32] W. Heinrich,et al. Composition and SmNd isotopic data of the lower crust beneath San Luis Potosí, central Mexico: Evidence from a granulite-facies xenolith suite , 1994 .
[33] H. Pollack,et al. A global analysis of heat flow from Precambrian terrains: Implications for the thermal structure of Archean and Proterozoic lithosphere , 1993 .
[34] R. Harmon,et al. Petrology and geochemistry of lower crustal granulites from the Geronimo Volcanic Field, southeastern Arizona , 1990 .
[35] S. Kay,et al. The Nature of the Lower Continental Crust: Inferences From Geophysics Surface Geology, and Crustal Xenoliths (Paper 80R1566) , 1981 .
[36] S. F.L,et al. Mantle-lower crust petrology from inclusions in basaltic rocks in Eastern Australia — an outline , 1982 .
[37] S. Taylor,et al. Large ion lithophile elements in rocks from high-pressure granulite facies terrains , 1985 .
[38] A. Poldervaart. Chemistry of the Earth’s Crust , 1955 .
[39] I. Ertan,et al. Fluid inclusions in mantle and lower crustal xenoliths from the Simcoe volcanic field, Washington , 1999 .
[40] D. Vielzeuf. The spinel and quartz associations in high grade xenoliths from Tallante (S.E. Spain) and their potential use in geothermometry and barometry , 1983 .
[41] R. Arculus,et al. Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of lower crustal xenoliths, San Francisco Volcanic Field, Arizona, U.S.A , 1995 .
[42] Barth,et al. Rutile-bearing refractory eclogites: missing link between continents and depleted mantle , 2000, Science.
[43] H. Korhonen,et al. Crust and upper mantle structure along the DSS Baltic profile in SE Finland , 1990 .
[44] V. Bennett,et al. Evidence from Xenoliths for a Dynamic Lower Crust, Eastern Mojave Desert, California , 1994 .
[45] P. Kelemen,et al. On the conditions for lower crustal convective instability , 2001 .
[46] L. Nicolaysen,et al. Radioelement concentrations in the deep profile through Precambrian basement of the Vredefort structure , 1981 .
[47] W. McDonough,et al. Thermal structure, thickness and composition of continental lithosphere , 1998 .
[48] B. Weaver,et al. Empirical approach to estimating the composition of the continental crust , 1984, Nature.
[49] E. Sharkov,et al. Garnet Granulite Xenoliths from the Northern Baltic Shield—the Underplated Lower Crust of a Palaeoproterozoic Large Igneous Province? , 2001 .
[50] C. Dupuy,et al. Geochemistry and petrology of meta-igneous granulitic xenoliths in Neogene volcanic rocks of the Massif Central, France — implications for the lower crust , 1980 .
[51] J. Percival,et al. Archean crust as revealed in the Kapuskasing uplift, Superior province, Canada , 1983 .
[52] G. M. Young,et al. Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations , 1984 .
[53] J. Dawson,et al. Isotope geochemistry of xenoliths from East Africa: Implications for development of mantle reservoirs and their interaction , 1984 .
[54] G. Wörner,et al. Crustal xenoliths from Cenozoic volcanic fields of West Germany: Implications for structure and composition of the continental crust , 1991 .
[55] R. Harmon,et al. Oxygen isotope evidence for large-scale hybridization of the lower crust during magmatic underplating , 1992 .
[56] A. J. White,et al. The Significance of Primary Scapolite in Granulitic Inclusions from Deep-seated Pipes , 1964 .
[57] K. H. Wedepohl. The Composition of the Continental Crust , 1995 .
[58] N. Rogers. Granulite xenoliths from Lesotho kimberlites and the lower continental crust , 1977, Nature.
[59] J. Saleeby,et al. The age and origin of a thick mafic–ultramafic keel from beneath the Sierra Nevada batholith , 1998 .
[60] J. Viramonte,et al. Metamorphism, isotopic ages and composition of lower crustal granulite xenoliths from the Cretaceous Salta Rift, Argentina , 1999 .
[61] C. Hawkesworth,et al. Sm-Nd isotopic study of garnets and their metamorphic host rocks , 1980, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences.
[62] A. Hofmann,et al. Isotopic evidence from the Ivrea Zone for a hybrid lower crust formed by magmatic underplating , 1990, Nature.
[63] D. DePaolo,et al. Thermal history of Colorado Plateau lithosphere from Sm-Nd mineral geochronology of xenoliths , 1996 .
[64] D. C. Ross. Mafic: gneissic complex (batholithic root?) in the southernmost Sierra Nevada, California , 1985 .
[65] S. Gallet,et al. Geochemistry of the Xining, Xifeng and Jixian sections, Loess Plateau of China: eolian dust provenance and paleosol evolution during the last 140 ka , 2001 .
[66] Thomas A. Bida,et al. Discovery of calcium in Mercury's atmosphere , 2000, Nature.
[67] S. Nasir,et al. Lithospheric petrology beneath the northern part of the Arabian Plate in Syria: evidence from xenoliths in alkali basalts , 2000 .
[68] S. Hart,et al. Re–Os isotope evidence for the composition, formation and age of the lower continental crust , 1998, Nature.
[69] M. Rutter. The nature of the lithosphere beneath the Sardinian continental block: Mantle and deep crustal inclusions in mafic alkaline lavas , 1987 .
[70] W. McDonough,et al. Tracking the budget of Nb and Ta in the continental crust , 2000 .
[71] A. J. White,et al. Granulitic and eclogitic inclusions from basic pipes at Delegate, Australia , 1969 .
[72] R. Rudnick,et al. Dating the lower crust by ion microprobe , 1987 .
[73] M. Sun,et al. Continental crust and lithospheric mantle interaction beneath North China: isotopic evidence from granulite xenoliths in Hannuoba, Sino-Korean craton , 2002 .
[74] A. Hofmann,et al. Potassium, rubidium, and cesium in the Earth and Moon and the evolution of the mantle of the Earth , 1992 .
[75] S. Taylor,et al. Rare earth element-thorium correlations in sedimentary rocks, and the composition of the continental crust , 1980 .
[76] Shengbiao Hu,et al. Heat flow in the continental area of China: a new data set , 2000 .
[77] J. Owen,et al. Xenoliths in a mafic dyke at Popes Harbour, Nova Scotia: implications for the basement to the Meguma Group , 1988 .
[78] C. Dupuy,et al. Petrology and geochemistry of granulite xenoliths from Central Hoggar (Algeria) — Implications for the lower crust , 1982 .
[79] H. Kern,et al. Seismic properties and densities of middle and lower crustal rocks exposed along the North China Geoscience Transect , 1996 .
[80] D. DePaolo,et al. Nd and Sr isotope chronostratigraphy of Colorado Plateau lithosphere: implications for magmatic and tectonic underplating of the continental crust , 1993 .
[81] J. Cogley. Continental Margins and the Extent and Number of the Continents (Paper 4R0215) , 1984 .
[82] Z. Garfunkel,et al. Ultramafic xenoliths from the Mt. Carmel area (Karem Maharal Volcano), Israel , 1986 .
[83] A. Embey-Isztin,et al. Mafic granulites and clinopyroxenite xenoliths from the Transdanubian Volcanic Region (Hungary): implications for the deep structure of the Pannonian Basin , 1990, Mineralogical Magazine.
[84] S. Taylor,et al. Trace element fractionation trends of tholeiitic magma at moderate pressure: Evidence from an Al-spinel ultramafic-mafic inclusion suite , 1981 .
[85] P. Vidal,et al. Étude par la méthode PbPb de roches de haut grade métamorphique impliquées dans la chaîne Hercynienne , 1985 .
[86] H. Berckhemer. Direct evidence for the composition of the lower crust and the moho , 1969 .
[87] W. Griffin,et al. Garnet granulite and associated xenoliths in minette and serpentinite diatremes of the Colorado Plateau , 1979 .
[88] J. Saleeby,et al. Buoyancy sources for a large unrooted mountain range , 1996 .
[89] H. Stosch,et al. Evolution of the lower continental crust: granulite facies xenoliths from the Eifel, West Germany , 1984, Nature.
[90] B. Weaver,et al. Lewisian gneiss geochemistry and Archaean crustal development models , 1981 .
[91] R. Carlson,et al. Ultramafic rocks at the center of the Vredefort structure: Further evidence for the crust on edge model , 1999 .
[92] S. Eggins,et al. Enhanced mantle-to-crust rhenium transfer in undegassed arc magmas , 2003, Nature.
[93] Yiming Huang,et al. The evolution of the lithosphere in southern Africa: A perspective on the basic granulite xenoliths from kimberlites in South Africa , 1995 .
[94] K. L. Cameron,et al. Xenoliths of Grenvillian granulite basement constrain models for the origin of voluminous Tertiary rhyolites, Davis Mountains, west Texas , 1998 .
[95] J. Lockwood,et al. Fragments of the mantle and crust from beneath the Sierra Nevada batholith: Xenoliths in a volcanic pipe near Big Creek, California , 1988 .
[96] C. Pin,et al. Nature and Composition of the Lower Continental Crust in Central Spain and the Granulite–Granite Linkage: Inferences from Granulitic Xenoliths , 1999 .
[97] B. Upton,et al. The upper mantle and deep crust beneath the British Isles: evidence from inclusions in volcanic rocks , 1983, Journal of the Geological Society.
[98] S. Nasir. The lithosphere beneath the northwestern part of the Arabian plate (Jordan) : evidence from xenoliths and geophysics , 1992 .
[99] R. Durrheim,et al. A seismic refraction investigation of the Archaean Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa, using mine tremors as the energy source , 1992 .
[100] D. James,et al. Preliminary results on the oxygen isotopic composition of the lower crust, Kilbourne Hole Maar, New Mexico , 1980 .
[101] J. Valley,et al. Extraction and carbon isotope analysis of CO2 from scapolite in deep crustal granulites and xenoliths , 1994 .
[102] B. Yardley. Earth science: Is there water in the deep continental crust? , 1986, Nature.
[103] R. Rudnick. Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of lower-crustal xenoliths from north Queensland, Australia: Implications for Nd model ages and crustal growth processes , 1990 .
[104] S. Bowring,et al. Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada , 1999 .
[105] N. Marchildon,et al. Kyanite-garnet-bearing Cambrian rocks and Grenville granulites from the Ayer's Cliff, Quebec, Canada, lamprophyre dike suite: Deep crustal fragments from the northern Appalachians , 1989 .
[106] A. Markwick,et al. The lower crust of SE Belarus: petrological, geophysical and geochemical constraints from xenoliths , 2001 .
[107] F. Rolfo,et al. Two contrasting eclogite types in the Himalayas: implications for the Himalayan orogeny. , 2000 .
[108] S. Wass,et al. Crustal growth in south‐eastern Australia—evidence from lower crustal eclogitic and granulitic xenoliths , 1983 .
[109] S. Harley. The origins of granulites: a metamorphic perspective , 1989, Geological Magazine.
[110] K. Condie. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: Contrasting results from surface samples and shales , 1993 .
[111] M. Salisbury,et al. Exposed cross-sections through the continental crust: implications for crustal structure, petrology, and evolution , 1981 .
[112] D. Kohlstedt,et al. High‐temperature deformation of dry diabase with application to tectonics on Venus , 1998 .
[113] W. Griffin,et al. The crust-mantle boundary beneath cratons and craton margins: a transect across the south-west margin of the Kaapvaal craton , 1995 .
[114] Tsuyoshi Tanaka,et al. Petrogenic Implications of Ree and Ba Data on Mafic and Ultramafic Inclusions from Itinome-Gata, Japan , 1981, The Journal of Geology.
[115] M. Salisbury,et al. Seismic properties of rock samples from the Pikwitonei granulite belt – God's Lake domain crustal cross section, Manitoba , 1996 .
[116] Benren Zhang,et al. Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in East China , 1998 .
[117] R. Ketcham. Distribution of heat‐producing elements in the upper and middle crust of southern and west central Arizona: Evidence from the core complexes , 1996 .
[118] K. Aoki. Petrology of mafic inclusions from Itinome-gata, Japan , 1971 .
[119] James H. Roark,et al. Ancient lowlands on Mars , 2002 .
[120] L. Haskin,et al. Rare earths in sediments , 1966 .
[121] W. Griffin,et al. Thermal and petrological structure of the lithosphere beneath Hannuoba , 2001 .
[122] K. Collerson,et al. LuHf geochronology applied to dating Cenozoic events affecting lower crustal xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico , 1997 .
[123] W. Mooney,et al. Evolution of the Precambrian lithosphere: Seismological and geochemical constraints , 1994 .
[124] I. Kaneoka,et al. Sr isotope study of mafic and ultramafic inclusions from Itinome-gata, Japan , 1980 .
[125] M. Okrusch,et al. Granulite-facies metabasite ejecta in the Laacher See area, Eifel, West Germany , 1979 .
[126] W. Griffin,et al. Geothermal profile and crust-mantle transition beneath east-central Queensland: Volcanology, xenolith petrology and seismic data , 1987 .
[127] S. Taylor. The origin and growth of continents , 1967 .
[128] E. M. Cameron,et al. Mass balance during gabbro-amphibolite transition, Bamble Sector, Norway: implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the gabbros , 2002 .
[129] S. Taylor,et al. Geochemistry of loess, continental crustal composition and crustal model ages , 1983 .
[130] G. Zandt,et al. The nature of orogenic crust in the central Andes , 2002 .
[131] R. Rudnick. Growing from below , 1990, Nature.
[132] N. Sleep,et al. Mass balance calculations for two sections of island arc crust and implications for the formation of continents , 1990 .
[133] H. Stosch,et al. Granulite facies lower crustal xenoliths from the Eifel, West Germany: petrological and geochemical aspects , 1990 .
[134] J. Cottin,et al. Oceanic mafic granulite xenoliths from the Kerguelen archipelago , 1994, Nature.
[135] Shenghong Hu,et al. Geochemistry of lower crustal xenoliths from Neogene Hannuoba basalt, North China craton: implications for petrogenesis and lower crustal composition , 2001 .
[136] S. McLennan. Crustal heat production and the thermal evolution of Mars , 2001 .
[137] K. Heier. A Discussion on the evolution of the Precambrian crust - Geochemistry of granulite facies rocks and problems of their origin , 1973, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
[138] M. Warner,et al. Seismic velocity, heterogeneity, and the composition of the lower crust , 1996 .
[139] David E. James,et al. Crustal structure beneath southern Africa and its implications for the formation and evolution of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons , 2001 .
[140] P. Kelemen,et al. Relationship between seismic P‐wave velocity and the composition of anhydrous igneous and meta‐igneous rocks , 2003 .
[141] L. Ratschbacher,et al. Hot and dry deep crustal xenoliths from tibet , 2000, Science.
[142] R. Rudnick. Making continental crust , 1995, Nature.
[143] A. Dia,et al. Loess geochemistry and its implications for particle origin and composition of the upper continental crust , 1998 .
[144] R. Kistler,et al. Nd and Sr isotopic study of crustal and mantle inclusions from the Sierra Nevada and implications for batholith petrogenesis , 1983 .
[145] D. Mittlefehldt. Genesis of clinopyroxene-amphibole xenoliths from Birket Ram: trace element and petrologic constraints , 1984 .
[146] W. S. Baldridge. Mafic and ultramafic inclusion suites from the Rio Grande rift (New Mexico) and their bearing on the composition and thermal state of the lithosphere , 1979 .
[147] P. Kelemen,et al. Large igneous province on the US Atlantic margin and implications for magmatism during continental breakup , 1993, Nature.
[148] G. R. Keller,et al. Deep Probe: imaging the roots of western North America , 2002 .
[149] T. Hansteen,et al. Pleistocene Underplating and Metasomatism of the Lower Continental Crust: a Xenolith Study , 2000 .
[150] W. Griffin,et al. Is the continental Moho the crust-mantle boundary? , 1987 .
[151] B. Upton,et al. U–Pb isotopic ages from a granulite-facies xenolith from Partan Craig in the Midland Valley of Scotland , 1984, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences.
[152] Raymond E. Arvidson,et al. Impact craters and Venus resurfacing history , 1992 .
[153] K. Furlong,et al. Heat production and thermal conductivity of rocks from the Pikwitonei–Sachigo continental cross section, central Manitoba: implications for the thermal structure of Archean crust , 1987 .
[154] David E. Smith,et al. The global topography of Mars and implications for surface evolution. , 1999, Science.
[155] A. K. Chatterjee,et al. Chemical and isotopic composition of the lower crust beneath the Meguma Lithotectonic Zone, Nova Scotia: evidence from granulite facies xenoliths , 1991 .
[156] C. Dupuy,et al. Crustal evolution of the Hercynian belt of Western Europe: Evidence from lower-crustal granulitic xenoliths (French Massif Central) , 1990 .
[157] Simon A. Wilde,et al. Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago , 2001, Nature.
[158] S. Nasir. Mafic lower crustal xenoliths from the northwestern part of the Arabian Plate , 1995 .
[159] H. Kern,et al. Measured and calculated seismic velocities and densities for granulites from xenolith occurrences and adjacent exposed lower crustal sections: A comparative study from the North China craton , 2000 .
[160] Scott M. McLennan,et al. Relationships between the trace element composition of sedimentary rocks and upper continental crust , 2001 .
[161] Y. Hattori,et al. Re-os isotope systematics of the Taklimakan Desert sands, moraines and river sediments around the Taklimakan Desert, and of Tibetan soils , 2003 .
[162] G. Schaber,et al. Impact Craters on Venus: What are they Telling Us? , 1991 .
[163] R. Arculus,et al. Nd-Sr isotope composition of lower crustal xenoliths — Evidence for the origin of mid-tertiary felsic volcanics in Mexico , 1988 .
[164] M. Parada,et al. Crustal xenoliths from Calbuco Volcano, Andean Southern Volcanic Zone: implications for crustal composition and magma-crust interaction , 1995 .
[165] J. Dawson. Sub-cratonic crust and upper mantle models based on xenolith suites in kimberlite and nephelinitic diatremes , 1977, Journal of the Geological Society.
[166] B. Upton,et al. Lower crustal and possible shallow mantle samples from beneath the Hebrides: evidence from a xenolithic dyke at Gribun, western Mull , 1998, Journal of the Geological Society.
[167] R. Kay,et al. Creation and destruction of lower continental crust , 1991 .
[168] E. Sharkov,et al. Proterozoic zircon ages from lower crustal granulite xenoliths, Kola Peninsula, Russia: evidence for crustal growth and reworking , 2002, Journal of the Geological Society.
[169] R. Rudnick,et al. The composition and petrogenesis of the lower crust: A xenolith study , 1987 .
[170] A. Markwick,et al. Lower crustal granulite xenoliths from the Arkhangelsk kimberlite pipes: petrological, geochemical and geophysical results , 2000 .
[171] D. Fountain. The Ivrea—Verbano and Strona-Ceneri Zones, Northern Italy: A cross-section of the continental crust—New evidence from seismic velocities of rock samples , 1976 .
[172] B. Kennett,et al. The crustal thickness of Australia , 2000 .
[173] D. Miller,et al. Seismic signature and geochemistry of an island arc: A multidisciplinary study of the Kohistan accreted terrane, northern Pakistan , 1994 .
[174] B. Weaver,et al. Continental crust composition and nature of the lower crust: constraints from mantle Nd–Sr isotope correlation , 1980, Nature.
[175] E. Flueh,et al. The crustal structure along the POLAR Profile from seismic refraction investigations , 1989 .
[176] S. Bowring,et al. The significance of U–Pb zircon dates in lower crustal xenoliths from the southwestern margin of the Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa , 2001 .
[177] K. Condie,et al. The Crust of the Colorado Plateau: New Views of an Old Arc , 1999, The Journal of Geology.
[178] Charles H. Langmuir,et al. The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle , 1998 .
[179] Robert G. Strom,et al. The global resurfacing of Venus , 1993 .
[180] W. R. Schmus,et al. Geochemistry, Nd and Sr isotopes, and U/Pb zircon ages of granitoid and metasedimentary xenoliths from the Navajo Volcanic Field, four corners area, southwestern United States , 1999 .
[181] R. Carlson,et al. ReOs and UPb geochronological constraints on the eclogite–tonalite connection in the Archean Man Shield, West Africa , 2002 .
[182] J. H. Berg,et al. A petrologic geotherm from a continental rift in Antarctica , 1989 .
[183] J. Hall,et al. Constraints on crustal hydration below the Colorado plateau from Vp measurements on crustal xenoliths , 1982 .
[184] W. McDonough,et al. The composition of the Earth , 1995 .
[185] C. Jaupart,et al. The heat flow through oceanic and continental crust and the heat loss of the Earth , 1980 .
[186] C. Jaupart,et al. The vertical distribution of radiogenic heat production in the Precambrian crust of Norway and Sweden: Geothermal implications , 1987 .
[187] S. Bowring,et al. Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in the lower crust during Neoarchean Ventersdorp rifting and magmatism, Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa , 2003 .
[188] M. Drummond,et al. A model for Trondhjemite‐Tonalite‐Dacite Genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons , 1990 .
[189] S. Capedri,et al. Rare earth elements in high-grade metamorphic rocks from the western Alps , 1979 .
[190] J. Dawson,et al. Equilibration and reaction in Archaean quartz‐sapphirine granulite xenoliths from the Lace kimberlite pipe, South Africa , 1997 .
[191] D. Moser,et al. Proterozoic zircon growth in Archean lower crustal xenoliths, southern Superior craton – a consequence of Matachewan ocean opening , 1997 .
[192] J. Wilkinson,et al. An Al-spinel ultramafic-mafic inclusion suite and high pressure megacrysts in an analcimite and their bearing on basaltic magma fractionation at elevated pressures , 1975 .
[193] O. Vaselli,et al. Petrology and geochemistry of xenoliths in lamprophyres from the Deccan Traps; implications for the nature of the deep crust boundary in western India , 1999 .
[194] C. Dupuy,et al. Catazonal xenoliths in French Neogene volcanic rocks: Constitution of the lower crust , 1974 .
[195] A. Stolz. Fluid activity in the lower crust and upper mantle: mineralogical evidence bearing on the origin of amphibole and scapolite in ultramafic and mafic granulite xenoliths , 1987, Mineralogical Magazine.
[196] J. Ferguson,et al. Isotopic and geochemical studies of nodules in kimberlite have implications for the lower continental crust , 1982, Nature.
[197] G. A. Wandless,et al. Contribution of metapelitic sediments to the composition, heat production, and seismic velocity of the lower crust of southern New Mexico, U.S.A. , 1989 .
[198] M. Leech. Arrested orogenic development: eclogitization, delamination, and tectonic collapse , 2001 .
[199] H. Schwarcz,et al. Crustal geochemistry in the Wawa-Foleyet region, Ontario , 1994 .
[200] R. Clayton,et al. Origin of High Mountains in the Continents: The Southern Sierra Nevada , 1996, Science.
[201] H. Newsom,et al. The depletion of tungsten in the bulk silicate earth: Constraints on core formation , 1996 .
[202] B. Drummond. A review of crust/upper mantle structure in the Precambrian areas of Australia and implications for Precambrian crustal evolution , 1988 .
[203] H. Kern,et al. How mafic is the lower continental crust , 1998 .
[204] S. Bowring,et al. Constraints on the thermal evolution of continental lithosphere from U-Pb accessory mineral thermochronometry of lower crustal xenoliths, southern Africa , 2003 .
[205] P. Toft,et al. Crustal evolution and the granulite to eclogite transition in xenoliths from kimberlites in the West African Craton , 1989 .
[206] V. Sisson,et al. Boron geochemistry of the lower crust: Evidence from granulite terranes and deep crustal xenoliths , 1992 .
[207] S. Smithson. Modeling continental crust: Structural and chemical constraints , 1978 .
[208] S. Taylor,et al. The geochemical evolution of the continental crust , 1995 .
[209] S. Weaver,et al. Mafic and ultramafic mantle and deep crustal xenoliths from Banks Peninsula, South Island, New Zealand , 1993 .
[210] S. Goldstein,et al. The Pb isotopic compositions of lower crustal xenoliths and the evolution of lower crustal Pb , 1990 .
[211] D. Moser,et al. Birth of the Kaapvaal tectosphere 3.08 billion years ago. , 2001, Science.
[212] P. Mattie,et al. Origin of the continental crust in the Colorado Plateau: Geochemical evidence from mafic xenoliths from the Navajo Volcanic Field, southwestern USA , 1997 .
[213] A. Jones,et al. Metamorphism, Partial Melting, and K-Metasomatism of Garnet-Scapolite-Kyanite Granulite Xenoliths from Lashaine, Tanzania , 1983, The Journal of Geology.
[214] K. Mengel. Crustal xenoliths from Tertiary volcanics of the Northern Hessian Depression , 1990 .
[215] J. Cottin,et al. The meta-igneous granulite xenoliths from Kerguelen Archipelago: evidence of a continent nucleation in an oceanic setting , 1998 .
[216] D. Ionov,et al. Petrology and geochemistry of xenoliths from the Northern Baltic shield: evidence for partial melting and metasomatism in the lower crust beneath an Archaean terrane , 1995 .
[217] J. Urrutia‐Fucugauchi,et al. Lower-Crustal Xenoliths from the Valle de Santiago Maar Field, Michoacan-Guanajuato Volcanic Field, Central Mexico , 1999 .
[218] A. Streckeisen,et al. The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks , 1991, Journal of the Geological Society.
[219] M. Ducea. The California arc: Thick granitic batholiths, eclogitic residues, lithospheric-scale thrusting, and magmatic flare-ups , 2001 .
[220] G. J. Nimz,et al. Contrasting styles of Pre‐Cenozoic and Mid‐Tertiary crustal evolution in northern Mexico: Evidence from deep crustal xenoliths from La olivina , 1992 .
[221] R. Grapes. Melting and Thermal Reconstitution of Pelitic Xenoliths, Wehr Volcano, East Eifel, West Germany , 1986 .
[222] M. Menzies,et al. Strontium, neodymium and lead isotopic compositions of deep crustal xenoliths from the Snake River Plain: evidence for Archean basement , 1985 .
[223] R. Kistler,et al. Lower Crustal Xenoliths, Chinese Peak Lava Flow, Central Sierra Nevada , 1986 .
[224] M. Warner,et al. Wide-angle seismic velocities in heterogeneous crust , 1997 .
[225] W. Griffin,et al. Dating lower crust and upper mantle events: an ion microprobe study of xenoliths from kimberlitic pipes, South Australia , 1994 .
[226] M. Andreoli,et al. Geochemistry across an exposed section of Archaean crust at Vredefort, South Africa: with implications for mid-crustal discontinuities☆ , 1990 .
[227] B. Upton,et al. Meta-igneous granulite and ultramafic xenoliths from basalts of the Midland Valley of Scotland: petrology and mineralogy of the lower crust and upper mantle , 1984, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences.
[228] J. V. Smith,et al. Reduced sapphirine granulite xenoliths from the Lace Kimberlite, South Africa; implications for the deep structure of the Kaapvaal Craton , 1987 .
[229] Walter D. Mooney,et al. Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view , 1995 .
[230] A. Mayer,et al. Emplacement of mantle peridotite in the lower continental crust, Ivrea-Verbano zone, northwest Italy , 1995 .
[231] S. Taylor,et al. Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: A new table: Geochimica e t Cosmochimica Ac , 1964 .
[232] J. Lovering,et al. High pressure basic inclusions from the Kayrunnera kimberlitic diatreme in New South Wales, Australia , 1979 .
[233] M. Salisbury,et al. Seismic structure of the continental crust based on rock velocity measurements from the Kapuskasing Uplift , 1990 .
[234] R. Smith,et al. Generation of voluminous silicic magmas and formation of mid-Cenozoic crust beneath north-central Mexico: evidence from ignimbrites, associated lavas, deep crustal granulites, and mantle pyroxenites , 1996 .
[235] R. Harmon,et al. Pb and O isotope systematics in granulite facies xenoliths, French Massif Central: implications for crustal processes , 1991 .
[236] A. Mayer,et al. New Sm–Nd ages for the Ivrea–Verbano Zone, Sesia and Sessera valleys (Northern-Italy) , 2000 .
[237] A. Stolz,et al. Metasomatised lower crustal and upper mantle xenoliths from north Queensland: Chemical and isotopic evidence bearing on the composition and source of the fluid phase , 1989 .
[238] D. R. Cousens,et al. Conditions of diamond growth: a proton microprobe study of inclusions in West Australian diamonds , 1988 .
[239] S. Taylor,et al. Lower crustal xenoliths from Queensland, Australia: Evidence for deep crustal assimilation and fractionation of continental basalts , 1986 .
[240] J. Head,et al. Stratigraphic and geographic distribution of steep‐sided domes on Venus: Preliminary results from regional geological mapping and implications for their origin , 1999 .
[241] S. Galer,et al. Lower crustal xenoliths from Mongolia and their bearing on the nature of the deep crust beneath central Asia , 1995 .
[242] I. Campbell,et al. No water, no granites - No oceans, no continents , 1983 .
[243] B. Peucker‐Ehrenbrink,et al. Rhenium‐osmium isotope systematics and platinum group element concentrations: Loess and the upper continental crust , 2001 .
[244] D. Fountain,et al. Seismic properties of rocks from an exposure of extended continental crust—new laboratory measurements from the Ivrea Zone , 1990 .
[245] M. Thirlwall,et al. Lower crustal granulite xenoliths from the Pannonian Basin, Hungary, Part 2: Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf and O isotope evidence for formation of continental lower crust by tectonic emplacement of oceanic crust , 2003 .
[246] P. Kelemen. Genesis of high Mg# andesites and the continental crust , 1995 .
[247] R. Rudnick,et al. Nature and composition of the continental crust: A lower crustal perspective , 1995 .
[248] K. Turekian,et al. The osmium isotopic composition of the continental crust , 1993 .