Stochasticité de l'expression génique et régulation transcriptionnelle - Modélisation de la dynamique spatiale et temporelle des structures multiprotéiques. (Stochasticity of gene expression and transcriptional regulation - Modeling the spatial and temporal dynamics of multiprotein structures)

La nature stochastique de l'expression genique est maintenant clairement etablie experimentalement et apparait comme une composante a part entiere de la dynamique cellulaire. Une source importante de cette variabilite est liee au caractere dynamique des diverses structures multiproteiques impliquees dans le processus d'expression genique. Nous etudions ici, par la modelisation, comment les interactions entre des molecules au comportement individuel probabiliste sont susceptibles de faire naitre des dynamiques globales pouvant influencer l'expression genique. Nous nous concentrons plus particulierement sur deux aspects du processus d'expression : d'une part, son caractere spatialise au sein d'un noyau cellulaire structure et dynamique et, d'autre part, la combinatoire des evenements moleculaires stochastiques au niveau du promoteur d'un gene. Pour l'etude des phenomenes d'organisation mesoscopique au sein du noyau cellulaire, nous proposons un modele de simulation "4D" (integrant l'espace et le temps). Il emprunte differentes techniques aux formalismes des echelles inferieures (moleculaires) et superieures (cellulaires), en gardant les aspects essentiels a notre etude (individualite de certaines molecules, exclusion sterique, interactions electromagnetiques, reactions chimiques . . .). Afin d'etudier specifiquement la dynamique stochastique de la regulation transcriptionnelle, nous proposons un second modele decrivant les evenements d'association/dissociation et de modification de la chromatine en se basant sur l'affinite cooperative/competitive des molecules et leur potentielle activite enzymatique ou de remodelage. Par des techniques analytiques et computationnelles, nous caracterisons alors l'activite du promoteur a l'aide d'outils de theorie du signal, mais aussi en reproduisant les mesures obtenues par diverses techniques experimentales (cinetique de ChIP, FRAP, FRET, cytometrie de flux . . .). L'analyse de ce modele demontre que l'activite spontanee du promoteur peut etre complexe et structuree, presentant en particulier des dynamiques multi-echelles similaires a celles observees experimentalement (turnover rapide des molecules, comportements cycliques lents, heterogeneites transcriptionnelles . . .). Nous montrons enfin comment la confrontation de mesures experimentales de diverses natures peut renseigner sur la structure du systeme sous-jacent. Ce modele apparait alors comme un cadre theorique general pour l'etude de la dynamique des promoteurs et pour l'interpretation integree de donnees experimentales.

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