Formal, Non-Formal and Informal learning: The Case of Literacy, Essential Skills, and Language Learning in Canada.

This paper examines literacy and language learning across the lifespan within the context of immigrants in the Canadian context. It explores the process of improving literacy skills and acquiring second or third language skills through the systems of formal, non-formal and informal learning, as defined by the OECD. Volunteer literacy tutoring programs and heritage language programs in Canada are among the examples highlighted.

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