Synthetic Biology Will Reinvigorate New Generation Drugs, Vaccines and Biofuels Research and Development

Genomics and its related studies boosted explorations when applied in various dimensions of biology. The most common concept employed is to mix natural abilities of various living organisms or distant biological sources in the form of genes targeted for their products. With the advent of 21 st century, this field gained a pace due to the attention by various scientific communities worldwide. Though, many hurdles still exist on its way but synthetic biology has led the basis for advanced outcomes by merging the potentials of genetic engineering and electronic techniques. This piece of literature reviews the research and development of synthetic biology accomplished since past in various life sciences with emphasis on pharmaceuticals, vaccines and biofuel development. The efforts of international scientific community and international organizations are also highlighted, who developed regulations and transmitted the importance to applied level. The production of biofuel, anti-microbial drugs, vaccines or other biological components with the help of genetic engineering technology was the first generation which after integration in synthetic biology has successfully transferred to a new generation. Along with the past, this paper also forecasts the future of synthetic biology in minimizing the limitations and problems faced in biological research with the help of synthetic biology.

[1]  Michelle C. Y. Chang,et al.  Enzyme mechanism as a kinetic control element for designing synthetic biofuel pathways. , 2011, Nature chemical biology.

[2]  R. Johnston,et al.  Synthetic recombinant bat SARS-like coronavirus is infectious in cultured cells and in mice , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[3]  Yaoquan Liu,et al.  Heterologous production of epothilone C and D in Escherichia coli. , 2006, Biochemistry.

[4]  H. McAdams,et al.  Gene regulation: Towards a circuit engineering discipline , 2000, Current Biology.

[5]  J. Liao,et al.  Driving Forces Enable High-Titer Anaerobic 1-Butanol Synthesis in Escherichia coli , 2011, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[6]  J. Collins,et al.  Construction of a genetic toggle switch in Escherichia coli , 2000, Nature.

[7]  J. Liao,et al.  Non-fermentative pathways for synthesis of branched-chain higher alcohols as biofuels , 2008, Nature.

[8]  Aaron Fenster,et al.  Intravenous delivery of a multi-mechanistic cancer-targeted oncolytic poxvirus in humans , 2011, Nature.

[9]  Shuanglin Xiang,et al.  Short hairpin RNA–expressing bacteria elicit RNA interference in mammals , 2006, Nature Biotechnology.

[10]  M. Iadarola,et al.  Rapid, Simple, Quantitative, and Highly Sensitive Antibody Detection for Lyme Disease , 2010, Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.

[11]  R. Weiss,et al.  Ultrasensitivity and noise propagation in a synthetic transcriptional cascade. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  Zhihao Hu,et al.  Process and Metabolic Strategies for Improved Production of Escherichia coli-Derived 6-Deoxyerythronolide B , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[13]  Jian Yu,et al.  The greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy requirement of bioplastics from cradle to gate of a biomass refinery. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[14]  Andrea Crisanti,et al.  A synthetic homing endonuclease-based gene drive system in the human malaria mosquito , 2011, Nature.

[15]  R. Weiss,et al.  Programmed population control by cell–cell communication and regulated killing , 2004, Nature.

[16]  Stephen Colagiuri,et al.  Grand challenges in chronic non-communicable diseases , 2007, Nature.

[17]  James J. Collins,et al.  Next-Generation Synthetic Gene Networks , 2009, Nature Biotechnology.

[18]  Christina D Smolke,et al.  Reprogramming Cellular Behavior with RNA Controllers Responsive to Endogenous Proteins , 2010, Science.

[19]  L. Serrano,et al.  Engineering Signal Transduction Pathways , 2010, Cell.

[20]  Jean Paul Metzger,et al.  The Brazilian Atlantic Forest: How much is left, and how is the remaining forest distributed? Implications for conservation , 2009 .

[21]  Marc Aumercier,et al.  EthR, a repressor of the TetR/CamR family implicated in ethionamide resistance in mycobacteria, octamerizes cooperatively on its operator , 2003, Molecular microbiology.

[22]  Farren J. Isaacs,et al.  Programming cells by multiplex genome engineering and accelerated evolution , 2009, Nature.

[23]  Blake A. Simmons,et al.  Synthesis of three advanced biofuels from ionic liquid-pretreated switchgrass using engineered Escherichia coli , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[24]  Shana Topp,et al.  Emerging applications of riboswitches in chemical biology. , 2010, ACS chemical biology.

[25]  T. Anchordoquy,et al.  Drug delivery trends in clinical trials and translational medicine: challenges and opportunities in the delivery of nucleic acid-based therapeutics. , 2011, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[26]  Steven Skiena,et al.  Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines by Computer-Aided Rational Design , 2010, Nature Biotechnology.

[27]  H H McAdams,et al.  Towards a circuit engineering discipline. , 2000, Current biology : CB.

[28]  P. R. Jensen,et al.  Synthetic promoter libraries--tuning of gene expression. , 2006, Trends in biotechnology.

[29]  George M. Church,et al.  A new dawn for industrial photosynthesis , 2011, Photosynthesis Research.

[30]  Robert M. Dirks,et al.  Selective cell death mediated by small conditional RNAs , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[31]  S. Jennewein,et al.  Taxol: biosynthesis, molecular genetics, and biotechnological applications , 2001, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[32]  Teresa M. Mata,et al.  Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review , 2010 .

[33]  L. Glass.  Classification of biological networks by their qualitative dynamics. , 1975, Journal of theoretical biology.

[34]  J. Liao,et al.  A synthetic gene–metabolic oscillator , 2005, Nature.

[35]  S. Benkovic,et al.  Genetically selected cyclic-peptide inhibitors of AICAR transformylase homodimerization. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[36]  Jens Nielsen,et al.  Synergies between synthetic biology and metabolic engineering , 2011, Nature Biotechnology.

[37]  Peter G. Schultz,et al.  A chemical toolkit for proteins — an expanded genetic code , 2006, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[38]  Vasso Apostolopoulos,et al.  Round and round we go: cyclic peptides in disease. , 2006, Current medicinal chemistry.

[39]  H. Neumann,et al.  Synthetic biology approaches in drug discovery and pharmaceutical biotechnology , 2010, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[40]  Li Jin,et al.  Female-specific flightless phenotype for mosquito control , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[41]  Keith E. J. Tyo,et al.  Isoprenoid Pathway Optimization for Taxol Precursor Overproduction in Escherichia coli , 2010, Science.

[42]  S. Polasky,et al.  Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt , 2008, Science.

[43]  Timothy S. Ham,et al.  Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: from bugs to synthetic biology to fuels. , 2008, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[44]  J. Wolfender,et al.  Mono- and sesquiterpenes and antifungal constituents from Artemisia species. , 1999, Planta medica.

[45]  K. Shanmugam,et al.  Fermentation of 10% (w/v) Sugar to D(−)-Lactate by Engineered Escherichia coli B , 2005, Biotechnology Letters.

[46]  Jay D Keasling,et al.  Engineering Escherichia coli for production of functionalized terpenoids using plant P450s. , 2007, Nature chemical biology.

[47]  C. Khosla,et al.  Production of Ansamycin Polyketide Precursors in Escherichia coli , 2006, The Journal of Antibiotics.

[48]  Christopher Coenen,et al.  Synthetic Genomics and Synthetic Biology Applications Between Hopes and Concerns , 2013, Current genomics.

[49]  R. Wijffels,et al.  An Outlook on Microalgal Biofuels , 2010, Science.

[50]  Olaf Kruse,et al.  An economic and technical evaluation of microalgal biofuels , 2010, Nature Biotechnology.

[51]  S. Basu,et al.  Spatiotemporal control of gene expression with pulse-generating networks. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[52]  S. Benkovic,et al.  Production of cyclic peptides and proteins in vivo. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[53]  Wenjun Zhang,et al.  Engineered biosynthesis of bacterial aromatic polyketides in Escherichia coli , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[54]  James M Clomburg,et al.  Biofuel production in Escherichia coli: the role of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology , 2010, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[55]  M. Elowitz,et al.  A synthetic oscillatory network of transcriptional regulators , 2000, Nature.

[56]  Xinyao Liu,et al.  Fatty acid production in genetically modified cyanobacteria , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[57]  Timothy S. Ham,et al.  Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast , 2006, Nature.

[58]  J. Regalbuto.  Cellulosic Biofuels—Got Gasoline? , 2009, Science.

[59]  Christopher A. Voigt,et al.  Environmentally controlled invasion of cancer cells by engineered bacteria. , 2006, Journal of molecular biology.

[60]  M. Fussenegger,et al.  A synthetic mammalian gene circuit reveals antituberculosis compounds , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[61]  Christopher A. Voigt,et al.  Environmental signal integration by a modular AND gate , 2007, Molecular systems biology.

[62]  Anoop Singh,et al.  Renewable fuels from algae: an answer to debatable land based fuels. , 2011, Bioresource technology.

[63]  M. Somleva,et al.  Production of polyhydroxybutyrate in switchgrass, a value-added co-product in an important lignocellulosic biomass crop. , 2008, Plant biotechnology journal.

[64]  A. James,et al.  Genetic elimination of dengue vector mosquitoes , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[65]  발레 페르난도,et al.  Process for the biological production of 1,3-propanediol with high yield , 2003 .

[66]  Timothy S. Ham,et al.  Design and Construction of a Double Inversion Recombination Switch for Heritable Sequential Genetic Memory , 2008, PloS one.

[67]  Martin Fussenegger,et al.  Self-sufficient control of urate homeostasis in mice by a synthetic circuit , 2010, Nature Biotechnology.

[68]  Chris Somerville,et al.  Feedstocks for Lignocellulosic Biofuels , 2010, Science.

[69]  T. Yeates,et al.  Protein-based organelles in bacteria: carboxysomes and related microcompartments , 2008, Nature Reviews Microbiology.

[70]  James C. Liao,et al.  Metabolic Engineering of Clostridium cellulolyticum for Production of Isobutanol from Cellulose , 2011, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[71]  S. Atsumi,et al.  Alternative biofuel production in non-natural hosts. , 2012, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[72]  L. Glass,et al.  The logical analysis of continuous, non-linear biochemical control networks. , 1973, Journal of theoretical biology.

[73]  Kwang Myung Cho,et al.  Integrated Electromicrobial Conversion of CO2 to Higher Alcohols , 2012, Science.

[74]  A. Ninfa,et al.  Use of two-component signal transduction systems in the construction of synthetic genetic networks. , 2010, Current opinion in microbiology.

[75]  N. Acton,et al.  A simple conversion of artemisinic acid into artemisinin. , 1989, Journal of natural products.

[76]  M. Ballesteros,et al.  Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[77]  Ahmad S. Khalil,et al.  Synthetic biology: applications come of age , 2010, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[78]  Stanley N Cohen,et al.  Inhibition of HIV budding by a genetically selected cyclic peptide targeting the Gag-TSG101 interaction. , 2008, ACS chemical biology.

[79]  R. Weiss,et al.  Multi-input Rnai-based Logic Circuit for Identification of Specific , 2022 .

[80]  J Ovádi,et al.  Macromolecular compartmentation and channeling. , 2000, International review of cytology.

[81]  Nick V Grishin,et al.  Lysine Acetylation Is a Highly Abundant and Evolutionarily Conserved Modification in Escherichia Coli*S , 2009, Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.

[82]  Korneel Rabaey,et al.  Metabolic and practical considerations on microbial electrosynthesis. , 2011, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[83]  Antoine Danchin,et al.  Synthetic biology: discovering new worlds and new words , 2008, EMBO reports.

[84]  J. Keasling,et al.  Design of a dynamic sensor-regulator system for production of chemicals and fuels derived from fatty acids , 2012, Nature Biotechnology.

[85]  H. McAdams,et al.  Circuit simulation of genetic networks. , 1995, Science.

[86]  Olaf Kruse,et al.  Microalgal hydrogen production. , 2010, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[87]  J. Keasling,et al.  Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli for production of terpenoids , 2003, Nature Biotechnology.

[88]  David E. Swayne,et al.  Characterization of the Reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Virus , 2005, Science.

[89]  L. Looger,et al.  Construction of a fluorescent biosensor family , 2002, Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society.

[90]  J. Keasling,et al.  Microbial production of fatty-acid-derived fuels and chemicals from plant biomass , 2010, Nature.

[91]  M. Fussenegger,et al.  A Synthetic Optogenetic Transcription Device Enhances Blood-Glucose Homeostasis in Mice , 2011, Science.

[92]  John R Carney,et al.  Combinatorial polyketide biosynthesis by de novo design and rearrangement of modular polyketide synthase genes , 2005, Nature Biotechnology.

[93]  F. McCormick,et al.  Selectively replicating adenoviruses targeting deregulated E2F activity are potent, systemic antitumor agents. , 2002, Cancer cell.

[94]  J. Liao,et al.  Metabolic engineering for advanced biofuels production from Escherichia coli. , 2008, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[95]  Kenji Watanabe,et al.  Understanding Substrate Specificity of Polyketide Synthase Modules by Generating Hybrid Multimodular Synthases* , 2003, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[96]  David J. Craik,et al.  Seamless Proteins Tie Up Their Loose Ends , 2006, Science.

[97]  D. Kirn,et al.  Targeted and armed oncolytic poxviruses: a novel multi-mechanistic therapeutic class for cancer , 2009, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[98]  B. Antízar-Ladislao,et al.  Second‐generation biofuels and local bioenergy systems , 2008 .

[99]  W. Lim,et al.  Reprogramming Control of an Allosteric Signaling Switch Through Modular Recombination , 2003, Science.