Self-Calibrated and Extinction-Ratio-Independent Microwave Characterization of Electrooptic Mach–Zehnder Modulators

A self-calibrated and extinction-ratio (ER)-independent electrical method based on frequency-shifted heterodyne is proposed for full microwave characterization of high-speed electrooptic Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZMs) with finite or infinite ER. The method eliminates the need for correcting the roll-off responsivity in the photodetection and reduces half bandwidth requirements for the photodetector and electrical spectrum analyzer. Modulation depths, half-wave voltages, chirp parameters, and asymmetric factor are experimentally measured for an MZM, which agree well with the results obtained by the optical spectrum analysis method.