Integrated research on disaster risk: Is it really integrated?

This paper traces the development of peer-reviewed, integrated research on disaster risk over the past fifteen years to assess the current state of knowledge. We define integrated research as those studies that engage multiple scales, stakeholders, knowledge (scientific to indigenous), disciplines, and methods. Using 39 peer-reviewed academic English-language journals as the basis of our analysis, we conducted both a content analysis and a bibliometric analysis on the characteristics of the research: disciplinarity, knowledge, place and scale, stakeholder involvement, and policy applications as well as the integration across these traits. While integrated disaster risk research has made great strides over the past 15 years, much of it is still discipline or multi-discipline centric and largely produced by North American and European scholars. The co-production of knowledge is limited and implementation gaps between research and practice persist.

[1]  F. Norris,et al.  Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness , 2008, American journal of community psychology.

[2]  Fran H. Norris,et al.  Ethnicity, Culture, and Disaster Response: Identifying and Explaining Ethnic Differences in PTSD Six Months After Hurricane Andrew , 2002 .

[3]  Robert Frouin,et al.  Asian Dust Events of April 1998 , 2001 .

[4]  Johan Rockström,et al.  Reducing hazard vulnerability: towards a common approach between disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation. , 2006, Disasters.

[5]  Janet B W Williams,et al.  Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 2013 .

[6]  M. Basoglu,et al.  Traumatic Stress Responses in Earthquake Survivors in Turkey , 2002, Journal of traumatic stress.

[7]  M. Lindell,et al.  Preparedness for emergency response: guidelines for the emergency planning process. , 2003, Disasters.

[8]  Michael Siegrist,et al.  Natural Hazards and Motivation for Mitigation Behavior: People Cannot Predict the Affect Evoked by a Severe Flood , 2008, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[9]  R. Kasperson,et al.  A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[10]  M. Araújo,et al.  Exposure of global mountain systems to climate warming during the 21st Century , 2007 .

[11]  Chung-Hung Tsai,et al.  The establishment of a rapid natural disaster risk assessment model for the tourism industry , 2011 .

[12]  A. Fothergill,et al.  Race, ethnicity and disasters in the United States: a review of the literature. , 1999, Disasters.

[13]  P. Reichenbach,et al.  Landslide hazard assessment in the Collazzone area, Umbria, Central Italy , 2006 .

[14]  Earthea Nance,et al.  Retrospectives and Prospectives on Hurricane Katrina: Five Years and Counting , 2010 .

[15]  P. Slovic Perception of risk. , 1987, Science.

[16]  David Hutton,et al.  Human vulnerability, dislocation and resettlement: adaptation processes of river-bank erosion-induced displacees in Bangladesh. , 2004, Disasters.

[17]  C. F. Lee,et al.  A spatiotemporal probabilistic modelling of storm‐induced shallow landsliding using aerial photographs and logistic regression , 2003 .

[18]  Howard C. Kunreuther,et al.  of Pennsylvania, co-director of the Risk Management and Decision Processes Center and co-author of Learning from Catastrophes: Strategies for Reaction and Response and At War with the Weather: Managing Large Scale Risks in a New Era of Catastrophes. , 2009 .

[19]  Fritz Gehbauer,et al.  Optimized resource allocation for emergency response after earthquake disasters , 2000 .

[20]  Dora Marinova,et al.  Resilience thinking: a bibliometric analysis of socio-ecological research , 2013, Scientometrics.

[21]  John A. Knaff,et al.  Atlantic Basin Hurricanes: Indices of Climatic Changes , 1999 .

[22]  Andy Haines,et al.  El Niño and health , 2003, The Lancet.

[23]  Klaus Seeland,et al.  The 2004 tsunami in Aceh and Southern Thailand: A review on coastal ecosystems, wave hazards and vulnerability , 2008 .

[24]  Marten Scheffer,et al.  Resilience thinking: integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability , 2010 .

[25]  Pim Martens,et al.  Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: practice, principles, and challenges , 2012, Sustainability Science.

[26]  Günter Blöschl,et al.  A compilation of data on European flash floods , 2009 .

[27]  Arthur Christian Nelson,et al.  Plan Quality and Mitigating Damage from Natural Disasters: A Case Study of the Northridge Earthquake with Planning Policy Considerations , 2002 .

[28]  Lokman I. Meho,et al.  Impact of data sources on citation counts and rankings of LIS faculty: Web of science versus scopus and google scholar , 2007 .

[29]  D. Alexander Resilience and disaster risk reduction: an etymological journey , 2013 .

[30]  V. Singh,et al.  A review of drought concepts , 2010 .

[31]  Fabrizio Jossa,et al.  Long-Term Psychological Effects of Natural Disasters , 1996, Psychosomatic medicine.

[32]  B. Faulkner Towards a framework for tourism disaster management , 2001 .

[33]  P. Berke,et al.  Recovery after disaster: achieving sustainable development, mitigation and equity. , 1993, Disasters.

[34]  David E. Blockstein,et al.  Integrated Science for Ecosystem Management: An Achievable Imperative , 1999 .

[35]  Lindsey R. Barnes,et al.  A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters , 2008 .

[36]  A. Rose,et al.  Modeling Regional Economic Resilience to Disasters: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of Water Service Disruptions , 2005 .

[37]  Susan L. Cutter,et al.  Correction: The Unsustainable Trend of Natural Hazard Losses in the United States, Sustainability 2011, 3 , 2157-2181 , 2012 .

[38]  F. Norris,et al.  60,000 Disaster Victims Speak: Part I. An Empirical Review of the Empirical Literature, 1981—2001 , 2002, Psychiatry.

[39]  K. Kaniasty,et al.  Help-Seeking Comfort and Receiving Social Support: The Role of Ethnicity and Context of Need , 2000, American journal of community psychology.

[40]  Marcus Banks Connections between open access publishing and access to gray literature. , 2004, Journal of the Medical Library Association : JMLA.

[41]  Massimiliano Favalli,et al.  GIS and Volcanic Risk Management , 2000 .

[42]  F. Norris,et al.  Postdisaster stress in the United States and Mexico: a cross-cultural test of the multicriterion conceptual model of posttraumatic stress disorder. , 2001, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[43]  C. Pohl,et al.  Handbook of transdisciplinary research , 2008 .

[44]  Brent Yarnal,et al.  Vulnerability of coastal communities to sea-level rise: a case study of Cape May County, New Jersey, USA , 2002 .

[45]  K. Gotham Dilemmas of Disaster Zones: Tax Incentives and Business Reinvestment in the Gulf Coast after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita , 2013 .

[46]  R. Kovats,et al.  Climate change and human health: impacts, vulnerability, and mitigation , 2006, The Lancet.

[47]  R. Blendon,et al.  Experiences of hurricane Katrina evacuees in Houston shelters: implications for future planning. , 2006, American journal of public health.

[48]  M. Janssen,et al.  Scholarly networks on resilience, vulnerability and adaptation within the human dimensions of global environmental change , 2006 .

[49]  T. Elbert,et al.  Post-tsunami stress: a study of posttraumatic stress disorder in children living in three severely affected regions in Sri Lanka. , 2006, Journal of traumatic stress.

[50]  Laurie Pearce The Value Of Public Participation During a Hazard, Impact, Risk And Vulnerability (HIRV) Analysis , 2005 .

[51]  Mark A. Saunders,et al.  Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005 , 2008 .

[52]  C. Schultz,et al.  A medical disaster response to reduce immediate mortality after an earthquake. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[53]  Jerry T. Mitchell,et al.  Hurricane Katrina and the forgotten coast of Mississippi , 2014 .

[54]  S. Carpenter,et al.  Social-Ecological Resilience to Coastal Disasters , 2005, Science.

[55]  R. Burby Hurricane Katrina and the Paradoxes of Government Disaster Policy: Bringing About Wise Governmental Decisions for Hazardous Areas , 2006 .

[56]  Matthew E. Kahn The Death Toll from Natural Disasters: The Role of Income, Geography and Institutions , 2005 .

[57]  Yuh-Shan Ho,et al.  Bibliometric analysis of tsunami research , 2007, Scientometrics.

[58]  Aromar Revi,et al.  Climate change risk: an adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities , 2008 .

[59]  G. Brundtland,et al.  Our common future , 1987 .

[60]  Ben Wisner,et al.  Are We There Yet? Reflections on Integrated Disaster Risk Management after Ten Years , 2011 .

[61]  K. Tierney From the Margins to the Mainstream? Disaster Research at the Crossroads , 2007 .

[62]  Stéphane Hallegatte,et al.  An Adaptive Regional Input‐Output Model and its Application to the Assessment of the Economic Cost of Katrina , 2006, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[63]  Luis Baumela Molina,et al.  Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after hurricane Mitch. , 2001, The American journal of psychiatry.

[64]  C. S. Holling,et al.  Panarchy Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems , 2002 .

[65]  Andrew Schiller,et al.  The vulnerability of global cities to climate hazards , 2007 .

[66]  M. Pelling Adaptation to Climate Change: From Resilience to Transformation , 2010 .

[67]  M. Skidmore,et al.  DO NATURAL DISASTERS PROMOTE LONG‐RUN GROWTH? , 2002 .

[68]  Christopher W. Landsea,et al.  Hurricane vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean: normalized damage and loss potentials , 2003 .

[69]  Stephen H. Schneider,et al.  Integrated Assessment Modeling of Global Climate Change: Much Has Been Learned—Still a Long and Bumpy Road Ahead , 2005 .

[70]  K. Tierney,et al.  Metaphors Matter: Disaster Myths, Media Frames, and Their Consequences in Hurricane Katrina , 2006 .

[71]  Paul V. Stock,et al.  Defining Terms for Integrated (Multi-Inter-Trans-Disciplinary) Sustainability Research , 2011 .

[72]  S. Cutter Vulnerability to environmental hazards , 1996 .

[73]  Roy Brouwer,et al.  Socioeconomic Vulnerability and Adaptation to Environmental Risk: A Case Study of Climate Change and Flooding in Bangladesh , 2007, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[74]  H. Cooper,et al.  Grey Literature in Meta-Analyses , 2003, Nursing research.

[75]  C. F. Lee,et al.  Landslide characteristics and, slope instability modeling using GIS, Lantau Island, Hong Kong , 2002 .

[76]  Fausto Guzzetti,et al.  Use of GIS Technology in the Prediction and Monitoring of Landslide Hazard , 1999 .

[77]  B. Merz,et al.  Comparative Risk Assessments for the City of Cologne – Storms, Floods, Earthquakes , 2006 .

[78]  F. Kogan,et al.  Global Drought Watch from Space , 1997 .

[79]  T. Topal,et al.  GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for a problematic segment of the natural gas pipeline, Hendek (Turkey) , 2003 .

[80]  D. D. Baumann,et al.  The tornado threat: coping styles of the north and South. , 1972, Science.

[81]  D. Tralli,et al.  Satellite remote sensing of earthquake, volcano, flood, landslide and coastal inundation hazards , 2005 .

[82]  M. Arora,et al.  An approach for GIS-based statistical landslide susceptibility zonation—with a case study in the Himalayas , 2005 .

[83]  T. Grothmann,et al.  People at Risk of Flooding: Why Some Residents Take Precautionary Action While Others Do Not , 2006 .

[84]  Howard Kunreuther,et al.  Disaster Mitigation and Insurance: Learning from Katrina , 2006 .

[85]  Roger A. Pielke,et al.  Influence of Location, Population, and Climate on Building Damage and Fatalities due to Australian Bushfire: 1925–2009 , 2010 .

[86]  F. Norris,et al.  60,000 Disaster Victims Speak: Part II. Summary and Implications of the Disaster Mental Health Research , 2002, Psychiatry.

[87]  J. Hübl,et al.  Towards an empirical vulnerability function for use in debris flow risk assessment , 2007 .

[88]  H. Kunreuther Mitigating disaster losses through insurance , 1996 .

[89]  R. N. Clark,et al.  Integrated research in natural resources: the key role of problem framing. , 2006 .

[90]  T. V. Leeuwen Bibliometric research evaluations, Web of Science and the Social Sciences and Humanities: a problematic relationship? , 2013 .

[91]  Masahiro Morikawa,et al.  Loss as a determinant of PTSD in a cohort of adult survivors of the 1988 earthquake in Armenia: implications for policy , 2000, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[92]  K. Tierney Toward a Critical Sociology of Risk , 1999 .

[93]  John R. Weeks,et al.  Assessing vulnerability to earthquake hazards through spatial multicriteria analysis of urban areas , 2003, Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci..

[94]  Reinhard Mechler,et al.  Modelling economic impacts and adaptation to extreme events: Insights from European case studies , 2010 .

[95]  Jasmin K. Riad,et al.  Stability and change in stress, resources, and psychological distress following natural disaster: Findings from hurricane Andrew. , 1999, Anxiety, stress, and coping.

[96]  B. Merz,et al.  Flood risk assessment and associated uncertainty , 2003 .

[97]  L B Bourque,et al.  Fatal and hospitalized injuries resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. , 1998, International journal of epidemiology.

[98]  Joern Birkmann,et al.  Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: towards disaster resilient societies , 2007 .

[99]  Charles B. Connor,et al.  ESTIMATION OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS FROM TEPHRA FALLOUT , 2001 .

[100]  Gordon McBean,et al.  Integrating disaster risk reduction towards sustainable development , 2012 .

[101]  P. Niedzielski,et al.  Environmental and geological impacts of the 26 December 2004 tsunami in coastal zone of Thailand - overviev of short and long-term effects , 2006 .

[102]  M. V. Aalst The impacts of climate change on the risk of natural disasters , 2006 .

[103]  M. Yamao,et al.  Effects of the tsunami on fisheries and coastal livelihood: a case study of tsunami-ravaged southern Sri Lanka. , 2007, Disasters.

[104]  B. Malamud,et al.  Characterizing wildfire regimes in the United States. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[105]  Edward R. Cook,et al.  North American drought: Reconstructions, causes, and consequences , 2007 .

[106]  Bruno Merz,et al.  Insurability and Mitigation of Flood Losses in Private Households in Germany , 2006, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[107]  C. F. Lee,et al.  GIS-based geo-environmental evaluation for urban land-use planning: A case study , 2001 .

[108]  M. Janssen An update on the scholarly networks on resilience, vulnerability, and adaptation within the human dimensions of global environmental change , 2007 .

[109]  B. Anderson,et al.  The rising tide: assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones , 2007 .

[110]  Fikret Berkes,et al.  Understanding uncertainty and reducing vulnerability: lessons from resilience thinking , 2007 .

[111]  S. Lane,et al.  Communities of knowledge: Science and flood management in Bangladesh , 2010 .

[112]  S. Cutter Societal Responses to Environmental Hazards. , 1996 .

[113]  G Bankoff,et al.  Rendering the world unsafe: 'vulnerability' as western discourse. , 2001, Disasters.

[114]  P. Peduzzi,et al.  Assessing global exposure and vulnerability towards natural hazards: the Disaster Risk Index , 2009 .

[115]  I. Alcántara-Ayala Geomorphology, natural hazards, vulnerability and prevention of natural disasters in developing countries , 2002 .

[116]  M. Stoffel,et al.  Tree-ring analysis in natural hazards research ? an overview , 2008 .

[117]  L. Hunter,et al.  Migration and Environmental Hazards , 2005, Population and environment.

[118]  Sarah McCaffrey Thinking of Wildfire as a Natural Hazard , 2004 .

[119]  Gülay Barbarosoglu,et al.  A two-stage stochastic programming framework for transportation planning in disaster response , 2004, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[120]  Mark Pelling,et al.  Disaster risk, climate change and international development: scope for, and challenges to, integration. , 2006, Disasters.

[121]  J. Barredo Normalised flood losses in Europe: 1970-2006 , 2009 .

[122]  R. Kates,et al.  Reconstruction of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina: A research perspective , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[123]  R. Blong,et al.  The 2003 Heat Wave in France: Dangerous Climate Change Here and Now , 2005, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[124]  S. Venevsky A Method for Integrated Assessment of Vulnerability to Climate Change in Siberian Forests: Example of Larch Area , 2006 .

[125]  L. Bettencourt,et al.  Evolution and structure of sustainability science , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[126]  D. Chester,et al.  Human vulnerability in volcanic environments: the case of Furnas, São Miguel, Azores , 1999 .

[127]  J. Gaillard Vulnerability, capacity and resilience: Perspectives for climate and development policy , 2010 .

[128]  Phil O'Keefe,et al.  Climate change and disaster management. , 2015, Disasters.

[129]  S. Jonkman Global Perspectives on Loss of Human Life Caused by Floods , 2005 .

[130]  Jean-Christophe Gaillard,et al.  Culture and disaster risk reduction: Lessons and opportunities , 2012 .

[131]  C. Rosenzweig,et al.  Increased crop damage in the US from excess precipitation under climate change , 2002 .

[132]  R. Zetterström,et al.  Bibliometric data: a disaster for many non‐American biomedical journals , 2002, Acta paediatrica.

[133]  Georgina Born,et al.  Logics of interdisciplinarity , 2008 .

[134]  Anthony Oliver-Smith,et al.  ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON HAZARDS AND DISASTERS , 1996 .

[135]  J. Kenardy,et al.  Stress debriefing and patterns of recovery following a natural disaster , 1996 .

[136]  B. Pradhan Manifestation of an advanced fuzzy logic model coupled with Geo-information techniques to landslide susceptibility mapping and their comparison with logistic regression modelling , 2011, Environmental and Ecological Statistics.

[137]  M. Siegrist,et al.  Flooding Risks: A Comparison of Lay People's Perceptions and Expert's Assessments in Switzerland , 2006, Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis.

[138]  L. Bouwer Have disaster losses increased due to anthropogenic climate change , 2011 .

[139]  Susan L. Cutter,et al.  The Unsustainable Trend of Natural Hazard Losses in the United States , 2011 .

[140]  S. Brody,et al.  Hurricane risk perceptions among Florida's single family homeowners , 2005 .

[141]  R. Pielke,et al.  Normalized Hurricane Damages in the United States: 1925-95 , 1998 .

[142]  Reinhard Mechler,et al.  Understanding trends and projections of disaster losses and climate change: is vulnerability the missing link? , 2015, Climatic Change.

[143]  Bruno Merz,et al.  A Probabilistic Modelling System for Assessing Flood Risks , 2006 .

[144]  P. Peduzzi,et al.  Global landslide and avalanche hotspots , 2006 .

[145]  W. L. Shirley,et al.  Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards , 2003 .

[146]  Alexander Blöchl,et al.  Economic assessment of landslide risks in the Swabian Alb, Germany ‒ research framework and first results of homeowners' and experts' surveys , 2005 .

[147]  James R. Elliott,et al.  Race, class, and Hurricane Katrina: Social differences in human responses to disaster. , 2006 .

[148]  R. Kates What kind of a science is sustainability science? , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[149]  Mark Carey Living and dying with glaciers: people's historical vulnerability to avalanches and outburst floods in Peru ☆ , 2005 .

[150]  B. Smit,et al.  Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability , 2006 .

[151]  J. Gaillard,et al.  From knowledge to action , 2013 .

[152]  Kyle C. Meng,et al.  General Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events , 2012 .

[153]  D. Turcotte,et al.  Landslide inventories and their statistical properties , 2004 .

[154]  S. Cutter,et al.  Temporal and spatial changes in social vulnerability to natural hazards , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[155]  L. Peek,et al.  Poverty and Disasters in the United States: A Review of Recent Sociological Findings , 2004 .

[156]  W. Adger,et al.  The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications f , 2005 .

[157]  Eric Neumayer,et al.  A trend analysis of normalized insured damage from natural disasters , 2011, Climatic Change.

[158]  Christopher B. Field,et al.  Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: List of Major IPCC Reports , 2012 .

[159]  M. Beniston Climatic Change in Mountain Regions: A Review of Possible Impacts , 2003 .

[160]  E. Yesilnacar,et al.  Landslide susceptibility mapping : A comparison of logistic regression and neural networks methods in a medium scale study, Hendek Region (Turkey) , 2005 .

[161]  B H Morrow,et al.  Identifying and mapping community vulnerability. , 1999, Disasters.

[162]  R. Kasperson,et al.  Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships , 2007 .

[163]  Michel Bruneau,et al.  A Framework to Quantitatively Assess and Enhance the Seismic Resilience of Communities , 2003 .

[164]  M. Keim Building human resilience: the role of public health preparedness and response as an adaptation to climate change. , 2008, American journal of preventive medicine.

[165]  Kenneth A. Froot The Market for Catastrophe Risk: a Clinical Examination , 1999 .

[166]  R. Heltberg,et al.  Addressing Human Vulnerability to Climate Change: Toward a 'No Regrets' Approach , 2008 .

[167]  Climate Extremes: Selected Review and Future Research Directions , 1999 .

[168]  B. Wisner,et al.  At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters , 1996 .

[169]  Henry G. Small,et al.  Co-citation in the scientific literature: A new measure of the relationship between two documents , 1973, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..

[170]  Juha I. Uitto,et al.  The geography of disaster vulnerability in megacities , 1998 .

[171]  G. Bonanno,et al.  What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. , 2007, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[172]  J. Overpeck,et al.  2000 Years of Drought Variability in the Central United States , 1998 .

[173]  Linet Özdamar,et al.  Emergency Logistics Planning in Natural Disasters , 2004, Ann. Oper. Res..

[174]  Santiago Beguería,et al.  Validation and Evaluation of Predictive Models in Hazard Assessment and Risk Management , 2006 .

[175]  Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng,et al.  Multicriteria Planning of Post‐Earthquake Sustainable Reconstruction , 2002 .

[176]  Oliver Korup,et al.  Recent research on landslide dams - a literature review with special attention to New Zealand , 2002 .

[177]  Huicong Jia,et al.  Resilience to natural hazards: a geographic perspective , 2010 .

[178]  Mark D. Powell,et al.  Hurricane Andrew's Landfall in South Florida. Part II: Surface Wind Fields and Potential Real-Time Applications , 1996 .

[179]  Ewen James. Michael,et al.  Hazard or disaster : tourism management for the inevitable in Northeast Victoria. , 2007 .

[180]  Ian Burton,et al.  Adaptation Options Strategies for Hazards and Vulnerability Mitigation: An International Perspective , 2005 .

[181]  Badaoui Rouhban,et al.  Disaster reduction and human security : education for sustainable development : case studies and best practices : a contribution to the United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR), Kobe, Hyogo, 2005 , 2005 .

[182]  P. Reichenbach,et al.  Landslide hazard evaluation: a review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study, Central Italy , 1999 .

[183]  Jerry T. Mitchell,et al.  Revealing the Vulnerability of People and Places: A Case Study of Georgetown County, South Carolina , 2000 .

[184]  Katrina M Allen,et al.  Community-based disaster preparedness and climate adaptation: local capacity-building in the Philippines. , 2006, Disasters.

[185]  A. Akgun,et al.  Landslide susceptibility mapping for a landslide-prone area (Findikli, NE of Turkey) by likelihood-frequency ratio and weighted linear combination models , 2008 .

[186]  J. Patz,et al.  Climate Change and Global Health: Quantifying a Growing Ethical Crisis , 2007, EcoHealth.

[187]  Mark D. Powell,et al.  The HRD real-time hurricane wind analysis system , 1998 .

[188]  José I. Barredo,et al.  Major flood disasters in Europe: 1950–2005 , 2007 .

[189]  Juli Trtanj,et al.  The potential impacts of climate variability and change on health impacts of extreme weather events in the United States. , 2001 .

[190]  Thomas Plümper,et al.  The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002 , 2007 .

[191]  E. N. Buckley,et al.  Technological options for adaptation to climate change in coastal zones , 2001 .

[192]  B. Ritchie Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry , 2004 .

[193]  D Alexander,et al.  The study of natural disasters, 1977-1997: some reflection on a changing field of knowledge. , 1997, Disasters.

[194]  Siambabala Bernard Manyena,et al.  The concept of resilience revisited. , 2006, Disasters.

[195]  Froma Walsh,et al.  Traumatic loss and major disasters: strengthening family and community resilience. , 2007, Family process.

[196]  Daniel Stokols,et al.  Toward a Science of Transdisciplinary Action Research , 2006, American journal of community psychology.