Archaerhodopsin Variants with Enhanced Voltage Sensitive Fluorescence in Mammalian and Caenorhabditis elegans Neurons

Probing the neural circuit dynamics underlying behavior would benefit greatly from improved genetically encoded voltage indicators. The proton pump Archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch), an optogenetic tool commonly used for neuronal inhibition, has been shown to emit voltage sensitive fluorescence. Here we report two Arch variants that in response to 655 nm light have 3–5 times increased fluorescence and 55–99 times reduced photocurrents compared to Arch WT. The most fluorescent variant, Archer1, has 25–40% fluorescence change in response to action potentials while using 9 times lower light intensity compared to other Arch-based voltage sensors. Archer1 is capable of wavelength specific functionality as a voltage sensor under red-light and as an inhibitory actuator under green-light. As a proof-of-concept for the application of Arch-based sensors in vivo, we show fluorescence voltage sensing in behaving C. elegans. Archer1’s characteristics contribute to the goal of all-optical detection and modulation of activity in neuronal networks in vivo.

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