We can guide search by a set of colors, but are reluctant to do it

For some real-world color searches, the target colors are not precisely known, and any item within a range of color values should be attended. Thus, a target representation that captures multiple similar colors would be advantageous. If such a multicolor search is possible, then search for two targets (e.g., Stroud, Menneer, Cave, and Donnelly, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(1): 113-122, 2012) might be guided by a target representation that included the target colors as well as the continuum of colors that fall between the targets within a contiguous region in color space. Results from Stroud, Menneer, Cave, and Donnelly, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(1): 113-122, (2012) suggest otherwise, however. The current set of experiments show that guidance for a set of colors that are all from a single region of color space can be reasonably effective if targets are depicted as specific discrete colors. Specifically, Experiments 1–3 demonstrate that a search can be guided by four and even eight colors given the appropriate conditions. However, Experiment 5 gives evidence that guidance is sometimes sensitive to how informative the target preview is to search. Experiments 6 and 7 show that a stimulus showing a continuous range of target colors is not translated into a search target representation. Thus, search can be guided by multiple discrete colors that are from a single region in color space, but this approach was not adopted in a search for two targets with intervening distractor colors.

[1]  Stefanie I. Becker,et al.  Attentional Capture Does Not Depend on Feature Similarity, but on Target-Nontarget Relations , 2013, Psychological science.

[2]  Doug J. K. Barrett,et al.  Attentional Control via Parallel Target-Templates in Dual-Target Search , 2014, PloS one.

[3]  Michael D'Zmura,et al.  Color in visual search , 1991, Vision Research.

[4]  M. Pomplun,et al.  Distractor Ratio Influences Patterns of Eye Movements during Visual Search , 2000, Perception.

[5]  Jay Neitz,et al.  Polymorphism of the long-wavelength cone in normal human colour vision , 1986, Nature.

[6]  Kyle R. Cave,et al.  Search for multiple targets of different colours: misguided eye movements reveal a reduction of colour selectivity , 2011 .

[7]  J. Wolfe Saved by a Log , 2012, Psychological science.

[8]  J. Wolfe,et al.  What attributes guide the deployment of visual attention and how do they do it? , 2004, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[9]  Geoffrey F. Woodman,et al.  Attentional Templates in Visual Working Memory , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[10]  J. C. Johnston,et al.  Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[11]  Jessica L. Irons,et al.  All set! Evidence of simultaneous attentional control settings for multiple target colors. , 2012, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[12]  Stefanie I. Becker,et al.  The role of target-distractor relationships in guiding attention and the eyes in visual search. , 2010, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[13]  M. Eimer,et al.  All set, indeed! N2pc components reveal simultaneous attentional control settings for multiple target colors. , 2016, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[14]  A. Franklin,et al.  Colour categories are reflected in sensory stages of colour perception when stimulus issues are resolved , 2017, PloS one.

[15]  Andrew Hollingworth,et al.  Competition in Saccade Target Selection Reveals Attentional Guidance by Simultaneously Active Working Memory Representations , 2017, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[16]  Katherine Sledge Moore,et al.  Involuntary transfer of a top-down attentional set into the focus of attention: Evidence from a contingent attentional capture paradigm , 2010, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[17]  Jeremy D. Schwark,et al.  Simultaneous attentional guidance by working-memory and selection history reveals two distinct sources of attention. , 2013, Acta psychologica.

[18]  D E Williams,et al.  Preattentive guidance of eye movements during triple conjunction search tasks: The effects of feature discriminability and saccadic amplitude , 2001, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[19]  Valerie M. Beck,et al.  Simultaneous Control of Attention by Multiple Working Memory Representations , 2012, Psychological science.

[20]  Jeremy M Wolfe,et al.  Journal of Experimental Psychology : General The Role of Object Categories in Hybrid Visual and Memory Search , 2014 .

[21]  Nick Donnelly,et al.  High or low target prevalence increases the dual-target cost in visual search. , 2010, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[22]  A. Treisman,et al.  A feature-integration theory of attention , 1980, Cognitive Psychology.

[23]  K. Moore,et al.  Set-specific capture can be reduced by pre-emptively occupying a limited-capacity focus of attention , 2011, Visual cognition.

[24]  Tamaryn Menneer,et al.  The relationship between working memory and the dual-target cost in visual search guidance. , 2019, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[25]  Marc Pomplun,et al.  Guidance of eye movements during conjunctive visual search: the distractor-ratio effect. , 2003, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[26]  P. Roelfsema,et al.  Different States in Visual Working Memory: When It Guides Attention and When It Does Not , 2022 .

[27]  Nick Donnelly,et al.  Using the dual-target cost to explore the nature of search target representations. , 2012, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[28]  Stefanie I. Becker,et al.  Which kind of attention is captured by cues with the relative target colour? , 2017 .

[29]  L. Itti,et al.  Search Goal Tunes Visual Features Optimally , 2007, Neuron.

[30]  Nick Donnelly,et al.  Dual target search is neither purely simultaneous nor purely successive , 2017, Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[31]  Pieter R Roelfsema,et al.  Matching of visual input to only one item at any one time , 2009, Psychological research.

[32]  Susan L. Franzel,et al.  Guided search: an alternative to the feature integration model for visual search. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[33]  Edward K. Vogel,et al.  The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions , 1997, Nature.

[34]  Jeremy M. Wolfe,et al.  Hybrid foraging search: Searching for multiple instances of multiple types of target , 2016, Vision Research.

[35]  Michael A. Webster,et al.  Color categories and color appearance , 2012, Cognition.

[36]  L G Williams,et al.  The effects of target specification on objects fixated during visual search. , 1967, Acta psychologica.

[37]  Kyle R. Cave,et al.  Search efficiency for multiple targets , 2004 .

[38]  Kenith V. Sobel,et al.  Target grouping in visual search for multiple digits , 2015, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[39]  Martin Eimer,et al.  Rapid parallel attentional target selection in single-color and multiple-color visual search. , 2015, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[40]  Andrew Hollingworth,et al.  Memory-based attention capture when multiple items are maintained in visual working memory. , 2016, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[41]  M. Pomplun,et al.  Investigating the visual span in comparative search: the effects of task difficulty and divided attention , 2001, Cognition.

[42]  Stephen D. Goldinger,et al.  Learning in repeated visual search , 2010, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[43]  Eyal M. Reingold,et al.  Area activation: a computational model of saccadic selectivity in visual search , 2003, Cogn. Sci..

[44]  Nick Donnelly,et al.  The cost of search for multiple targets: effects of practice and target similarity. , 2009, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[45]  Xingshan Li,et al.  Search for two categories of target produces fewer fixations to target-color items. , 2012, Journal of experimental psychology. Applied.

[46]  Kyle R. Cave,et al.  Costs in Searching for Two Targets: Dividing Search Across Target Types Could Improve Airport Security Screening , 2007 .

[47]  Michael C Hout,et al.  Target templates: the precision of mental representations affects attentional guidance and decision-making in visual search , 2015, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[48]  Stefanie I. Becker,et al.  Attentional guidance by relative features: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. , 2016, Psychophysiology.

[49]  R. Desimone,et al.  Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. , 1995, Annual review of neuroscience.

[50]  K. Moore,et al.  A Bottleneck Model of Set-Specific Capture , 2014, PloS one.

[51]  Emma B. Guild,et al.  Attentional capture by items that match episodic long-term memory representations , 2016 .