Optical tweezers in cell biology.

The authors are at the Department of Cell Biology, Box 3709, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. The invention of the single-beam optical gradient trap I-3, known less formally as optical tweezers, has opened possibilities in cell biology that are only beginning to be re- alized. Prior to optical tweezers, fine and detailed manipulations of cells and subcellular components required hydraulic or piezoelectric microma- nipulators to move glass micropipettes and fibres. Such methods are in- vasive: entry or release of the probe often disrupts cellular integrity. At their best, optical tweezers allow exquisitely fine control of position (within -I0 nm) and of forces (-I0 -~ dyne resolution) on a wide range of particle sizes (25 nm to 25 l~m) in a noninvasive manner. The optical tweezers are the sim- plest geometry for generating laser- inducing optical forces and provide the smallest trap and finest control from illuminator condenser[.~ I ~ high NA objective ,I 1, beam expander and steering system sample

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