Suppression of Cellular Immune Response in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae by Endophytic Fungi Nigrospora oryzae and Cladosporium uredinicola

ABSTRACT Endophytic fungi are a group of microbial plant symbionts that occur in living tissues of plants without causing visible disease symptoms. The mechanism underlying the anti-insect properties of endophytes is mainly attributed to the production of various alkaloid-based defensive compounds. The current study reveals the cytotoxic effects of endophytic Nigrospora oryzae- and Cladosporium uredinicola-infected cauliflower plants on larval hemocytes of Spodoptera litura (F.). Larvae fed on leaves of endophyte-infected plants exhibited abnormalities such as change in shape, extensive vacuolization, and necrosis in significantly higher percentage of hemocytes. The percentage of abnormal hemocytes increased with increase in feeding duration. The cytotoxic effect of endophytic fungi on the hemocytes ultimately leads to adverse effects on survival and fitness of the insect.

[1]  A. Kaur,et al.  Enhanced Resistance to Spodoptera litura in Endophyte Infected Cauliflower Plants , 2013, Environmental entomology.

[2]  A. Kaur,et al.  Insecticidal potential of an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium uredinicola, against Spodoptera litura , 2013, Phytoparasitica.

[3]  A. Kaur,et al.  Cellular Immune Response of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) during Mycosis of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin , 2011 .

[4]  A. Giglio,et al.  Circulating hemocytes from larvae and adults of Carabus (Chaetocarabus) lefebvrei Dejean 1826 (Coleoptera, Carabidae): cell types and their role in phagocytosis after in vivo artificial non-self-challenge. , 2008, Micron.

[5]  P. R. Sharma,et al.  Effect of sweet flag rhizome oil (Acorus calamus) on hemogram and ultrastructure of hemocytes of the tobacco armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). , 2008, Micron.

[6]  M. C. Aime,et al.  Entomopathogenic fungal endophytes , 2008 .

[7]  S. Ghatora,et al.  Molecular characterization of multiple xylanase producing thermophilic/thermotolerant fungi isolated from composting materials , 2008, Letters in applied microbiology.

[8]  S. Habeeb,et al.  Ultrastructural Changes in Hemocyte Cells of Hard tick (Hyalomma dromedarii: Ixodidae): A model of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis H14 -endotoxin mode of action , 2008 .

[9]  R. B. Grossman,et al.  Loline alkaloids: Currencies of mutualism. , 2007, Phytochemistry.

[10]  D. Dey,et al.  Cellular Immune Reactions Participating in Resistance Formation of Colorado Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) Larvae and Imago to a Biopreparation for Potato , 2006 .

[11]  Jochen Krauss,et al.  Symbiosis between grasses and asexual fungal endophytes. , 2005, Current opinion in plant biology.

[12]  L. Sciacca,et al.  Early suppression of immune response in Heliothis virescens larvae by the endophagous parasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps , 2005 .

[13]  M. Brehélin,et al.  Modes of phagocytosis of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by Spodoptera littoralis granular haemocytes. , 2005, Journal of insect physiology.

[14]  A. A. Alekseev,et al.  Changes in the Activity and Pattern of Hemolymph Esterases in the Larvae of Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonellaL. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) during Mycosis , 2001, Biology Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[15]  P. R. Sharma,et al.  Effect of Neem gold on haemocytes of the tobacco armyworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) , 2003 .

[16]  M. Strand,et al.  Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. , 2002, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.

[17]  B. Schulz,et al.  Endophytic fungi: a source of novel biologically active secondary metabolites * * Paper presented at , 2002 .

[18]  C. Dumas,et al.  Effects of the peptide mycotoxin destruxin E on insect haemocytes and on dynamics and efficiency of the multicellular immune reaction. , 2002, Journal of invertebrate pathology.

[19]  K. P. Sauer,et al.  Gender differences in phenoloxidase activity of Panorpa vulgaris hemocytes. , 2001, Journal of invertebrate pathology.

[20]  S. Abol-Ela,et al.  Cytotoxic effects of entomopathogenic fungal crude filtrate on Phthorimaea operculella cell line , 2001 .

[21]  N. Magan,et al.  Introduction - fungal biological control agents: progress, problems and potential. , 2001 .

[22]  R. Tan,et al.  Endophytes: a rich source of functional metabolites. , 2001, Natural product reports.

[23]  C. Peixoto,et al.  Immune defense mechanisms of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) against Candida albicans infection. , 2000, Journal of invertebrate pathology.

[24]  W. L. Araújo,et al.  Endophytic microorganisms: a review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants , 2000 .

[25]  N. Ratcliffe,et al.  Detection, purification by immunoaffinity chromatography and properties of β-1,3-glucan-specific lectins from the sera of several insect species , 1998 .

[26]  C. Schardl,et al.  Bioprotective Alkaloids of Grass-Fungal Endophyte Symbioses , 1997, Plant physiology.

[27]  B. S. Nath,et al.  Changes in protein metabolism in hemolymph and fat body of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) in response to organophosphorus insecticides toxicity. , 1997, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[28]  A. Tripathi,et al.  Bioefficacy of crude extracts of Aglaia species (Meliaceae) and some active fractions against lepidopteran larvae , 1997 .

[29]  R. Petroski,et al.  Alkaloid toxins in endophyte-infected grasses. , 1993, Natural toxins.

[30]  B. P. Saxena,et al.  Plumbagin-Induced Ultrastructural Haemocytic Response of Dysdercus Koenigii F. , 1992 .

[31]  L. K. Hazarika,et al.  Variations in hemocyte populations during various developmental stages of Blatella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera, Blattellidae) , 1987 .

[32]  D. Gaynor,et al.  Peramine, a novel insect feeding deterrent from ryegrass infected with the endophyte Acremonium loliae , 1986 .

[33]  C. Hinks,et al.  Insect Hemocytes: Insect hemocytes under light microscopy: techniques , 1979 .