Cooperative problem solving and explanation

Abstract Recent studies have pointed out several limitations of expert systems regarding user needs, and have introduced the concepts of cooperation and joint cognitive systems. While research on explanation generation by expert systems has been widely developed, there has been little consideration of explanation in relation to cooperative systems. Our aim is to elaborate a conceptual framework for studying explanation in cooperation. This work relies heavily on the study of human-human cooperative dialogues. We present our results according to two dimensions; namely, the relation between explanation and problem solving, and the explanation process itself. Finally, we discuss the implications of these results for the design of cooperative systems.

[1]  William J. Clancey,et al.  Strategic Explanations for a Diagnostic Consultation System , 1983, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[2]  George R. S. Weir,et al.  Human Computer Interaction and Complex Systems , 1991 .

[3]  Erik Hollnagel,et al.  Mapping Cognitive Demands in Complex Problem-Solving Worlds , 1987, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[4]  G. Nigel Gilbert,et al.  Explanation and dialogue , 1989, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[5]  Cécile L. Paris,et al.  Generation and Explanation: Building an Explanation Facility for the Explainable Expert Systems Framework , 1991 .

[6]  John F. Sowa Representing and reasoning about contexts , 1992 .

[7]  P. J. Brezillon Design of an intelligent assistant system from several applications , 1994, Proceedings of International Conference on Expert Systems for Development.

[8]  John C. Thomas,et al.  Cognitive Processes in Design. , 1980 .

[9]  Peter van Beek,et al.  A Model For Generating Better Explanations , 1987, ACL.

[10]  William J. Clancey,et al.  The Epistemology of a Rule-Based Expert System - A Framework for Explanation , 1981, Artif. Intell..

[11]  Lucy Suchman Plans and situated actions: the problem of human-machine communication , 1987 .

[12]  Elpida T. Keravnou,et al.  What is a deep expert system? An analysis of the architectural requirements of second-generation expert systems , 1989, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[13]  Alison Cawsey Planning interactive explanations , 1993 .

[14]  J. B. Black,et al.  Cognition, computing, and cooperation , 1990 .

[15]  William R. Swartout,et al.  XPLAIN: A System for Creating and Explaining Expert Consulting Programs , 1983, Artif. Intell..

[16]  Kathleen F. McCoy Reasoning on a Highlighted User Model to Respond to Misconceptions , 1988, Comput. Linguistics.

[17]  Brian R. Gaines,et al.  Question classification in rule-based systems , 1987 .

[18]  Gerhard Fischer,et al.  Communication requirements for cooperative problem solving systems , 1990, Inf. Syst..

[19]  T. Landauer,et al.  Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction , 1997 .

[20]  John McCarthy,et al.  Notes on Formalizing Context , 1993, IJCAI.

[21]  Berndt Brehmer,et al.  Distributed decision making. Cognitive models for cooperative work , 1991 .

[22]  Gavriel Salvendy,et al.  Proceedings of the third international conference on human-computer interaction, Vol.1 on Work with computers: organizational, management, stress and health aspects , 1989 .

[23]  Richard E. Nisbett,et al.  Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgement , 1981 .

[24]  E. Tiryakian,et al.  Studies in social interaction , 1972 .

[25]  Olivier Corby,et al.  Knowledge Acquisition for Explainable, Multi-Expert, Knowledge-Based Design Systems , 1992, EKAW.

[26]  Lucy A. Suchman,et al.  Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication (Learning in Doing: Social, , 1987 .

[27]  David Leake,et al.  Goal-Based Explanation Evaluation , 1991, Cogn. Sci..

[28]  A. L. Kidd,et al.  What do users ask? Some thoughts on diagnostic advice , 1986 .

[29]  William C. Mann,et al.  Natural Language Generation in Artificial Intelligence and Computational Linguistics , 1990 .

[30]  Brian R. Gaines,et al.  Current Developments in Knowledge Acquisition — EKAW '92 , 1992, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[31]  Bruce G. Buchanan,et al.  The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project , 1985 .

[32]  B. Chandrasekaran,et al.  Explaining control strategies in problem solving , 1989, IEEE Expert.

[33]  G. N. Gilbert Question and answer types , 1988 .

[34]  Vibhu O. Mittal,et al.  Generating explanations in context: The system perspective , 1995 .

[35]  E. M. Roth,et al.  Chapter 1 – Cognitive Systems Engineering , 1988 .

[36]  William B. Thompson,et al.  Reconstructive Explanation: Explanation as Complex Problem Solving , 1989, IJCAI.

[37]  Cécile Paris,et al.  Tailoring Object Descriptions to a User's Level of Expertise , 1988, Comput. Linguistics.

[38]  Julia Hirschberg,et al.  User Participation in the Reasoning Processes of Expert Systems , 1982, AAAI.

[39]  Martha E. Pollack,et al.  Information sought and information provided: an empirical study of user/expert dialogues , 1985, CHI '85.

[40]  B. Slugoski,et al.  Conversational and linguistic processes in causal attribution , 1988 .

[41]  Alain Giboin,et al.  Helping users achieve satisfying goals , 1989 .

[42]  Alison Cawsey,et al.  Improving the Use of Knowledge-Based Systems with Explanations , 1992 .

[43]  Nicholas J. Belkin,et al.  On the nature and fuction of explanation in intelligent information retrieval , 1988, SIGIR '88.

[44]  Kevin B. Bennett,et al.  Explorations in joint human-machine cognitive systems , 1990 .

[45]  William R. Swartout,et al.  A Reactive Approach to Explanation: Taking the User’s Feedback into Account , 1991 .

[46]  DeLos F. DeTar Expert Systems 85: Edited by Martin Merry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1986. ISBN 0-521-32596-X, 334 pp., no index , 1989, Comput. Chem..

[47]  Werner Karbach,et al.  Models, methods, roles and tasks: many labels—one idea? , 1990 .

[48]  Jean-Marc Robert,et al.  Cooperating Partners: Investigating Natural Assistance , 1993, HCI.

[49]  C. Raymond Perrault,et al.  Analyzing Intention in Utterances , 1986, Artif. Intell..

[50]  Kathleen McKeown,et al.  Tailoring Explanations for the User , 1985, IJCAI.

[51]  James L. Alty,et al.  Expert Systems: An Alternative Paradigm , 1984, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..