Pseudo-Reverse Approach in Genetic Evolution: An Empirical Study with Enzymes

A pseudo-reverse approach is presented in this paper to analyze the evolutionary behaviour of enzymes. It employs the standard model of Nei and Gojobori [1] in a generalized form for determining the nucleotide substitutions and Jukes and Cantor’s [2] model for finding the out their rates. Comparative genomics is also embedded in this model to calculate the lineages among the species like human, mouse and rat for these enzyme proteins. It is predicted from this study that the mutation for the enzymes are comparatively slower than ordinary proteins and the time of divergence for these enzymes with human and mouse or rat is almost five times more, around 400 Million years. Hence, this paper describes the methodology and the findings in details.

[1]  T. Jukes CHAPTER 24 – Evolution of Protein Molecules , 1969 .

[2]  S. Jeffery Evolution of Protein Molecules , 1979 .

[3]  M. Nei,et al.  Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. , 1986, Molecular biology and evolution.

[4]  T. Yorozu,et al.  Electron Spectroscopy Studies on Magneto-Optical Media and Plastic Substrate Interface , 1987, IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan.

[5]  D. Labie,et al.  Molecular Evolution , 1991, Nature.

[6]  Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome , 2002, Nature.

[7]  International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome , 2001, Nature.

[8]  Josep M. Comeron,et al.  A method for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions per site , 1995, Journal of Molecular Evolution.

[9]  N. Bianchi,et al.  Evolution of the Zfx and Zfy genes: rates and interdependence between the genes. , 1993, Molecular biology and evolution.

[10]  M. Boguski,et al.  Evolutionary parameters of the transcribed mammalian genome: an analysis of 2,820 orthologous rodent and human sequences. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  A. Eyre-Walker Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution (2nd edn) , 2000, Heredity.

[12]  J. V. Moran,et al.  Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. , 2001, Nature.

[13]  Hirohisa Kishino,et al.  Estimating absolute rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution in order to characterize natural selection and date species divergences. , 2004, Molecular biology and evolution.

[14]  Takashi Miyata,et al.  Molecular evolution of mRNA: A method for estimating evolutionary rates of synonymous and amino acid substitutions from homologous nucleotide sequences and its application , 1980, Journal of Molecular Evolution.

[15]  Anton Nekrutenko,et al.  An evolutionary approach reveals a high protein-coding capacity of the human genome. , 2003, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[16]  Ziheng Yang,et al.  PAML: a program package for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood , 1997, Comput. Appl. Biosci..

[17]  Wen-Hsiung Li,et al.  Fundamentals of molecular evolution , 1990 .

[18]  D. Mindell Fundamentals of molecular evolution , 1991 .