Resistance To Medical Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing healthcare, but little is known about consumer receptivity to AI in medicine. Consumers are reluctant to utilize healthcare provided by AI in real and hypothetical choices, separate and joint evaluations. Consumers are less likely to utilize healthcare (study 1), exhibit lower reservation prices for healthcare (study 2), are less sensitive to differences in provider performance (studies 3A–3C), and derive negative utility if a provider is automated rather than human (study 4). Uniqueness neglect, a concern that AI providers are less able than human providers to account for consumers’ unique characteristics and circumstances, drives consumer resistance to medical AI. Indeed, resistance to medical AI is stronger for consumers who perceive themselves to be more unique (study 5). Uniqueness neglect mediates resistance to medical AI (study 6), and is eliminated when AI provides care (a) that is framed as personalized (study 7), (b) to consumers other than the self (study 8), or (c) that only supports, rather than replaces, a decision made by a human healthcare provider (study 9). These findings make contributions to the psychology of automation and medical decision making, and suggest interventions to increase consumer acceptance of AI in medicine.

[1]  Nicholas J. Rockwood,et al.  Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis , 2020, The Cambridge Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology.

[2]  Jon Kleinberg,et al.  Making sense of recommendations , 2019, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making.

[3]  Christoph Fuchs,et al.  Psychological reactions to human versus robotic job replacement , 2019, Nature Human Behaviour.

[4]  Isaac S Kohane,et al.  Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare , 2019, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Business for Non-Engineers.

[5]  M. Abràmoff,et al.  Pivotal trial of an autonomous AI-based diagnostic system for detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care offices , 2018, npj Digital Medicine.

[6]  H. Haenssle,et al.  Man against machine: diagnostic performance of a deep learning convolutional neural network for dermoscopic melanoma recognition in comparison to 58 dermatologists , 2018, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[7]  Joseph P. Simmons,et al.  Overcoming Algorithm Aversion: People Will Use Imperfect Algorithms If They Can (Even Slightly) Modify Them , 2016, Manag. Sci..

[8]  Amna Kirmani,et al.  Our vision for the journal of consumer research: It's all about the consumer , 2018 .

[9]  Hau L. Lee,et al.  Socially and Environmentally Responsible Value Chain Innovations: New Operations Management Research Opportunities , 2017, Manag. Sci..

[10]  Jure Leskovec,et al.  Human Decisions and Machine Predictions , 2017, The quarterly journal of economics.

[11]  Matthew Hutson,et al.  Self-taught artificial intelligence beats doctors at predicting heart attacks , 2017 .

[12]  Jennifer Marie Logg,et al.  Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 2019 .

[13]  Sancy A. Leachman,et al.  Medicine: The final frontier in cancer diagnosis , 2017, Nature.

[14]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks , 2017, Nature.

[15]  Subhashini Venugopalan,et al.  Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Algorithm for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Fundus Photographs. , 2016, JAMA.

[16]  Berkeley J. Dietvorst.  People Reject (Superior) Algorithms Because They Compare Them to Counter-Normative Reference Points , 2016 .

[17]  Irene Scopelliti,et al.  Bias Blind Spot: Structure, Measurement, and Consequences , 2015, Manag. Sci..

[18]  Shivan J. Mehta,et al.  Patient Satisfaction Reporting and Its Implications for Patient Care. , 2015, AMA journal of ethics.

[19]  Mauricio Palmeira,et al.  Consumer reactions to professionals who use decision aids , 2015 .

[20]  Neatly tied with a bow , 2015 .

[21]  Berkeley J. Dietvorst,et al.  Algorithm Aversion: People Erroneously Avoid Algorithms after Seeing Them Err , 2014, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[22]  D. Ones,et al.  Mechanical versus clinical data combination in selection and admissions decisions: a meta-analysis. , 2013, The Journal of applied psychology.

[23]  Victoria A. Shaffer,et al.  Why Do Patients Derogate Physicians Who Use a Computer-Based Diagnostic Support System? , 2013, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[24]  Brent Snook,et al.  What People Want From Their Professionals: Attitudes Toward Decision‐making Strategies , 2012 .

[25]  John G. Lynch,et al.  Spotlights, Floodlights, and the Magic Number Zero: Simple Effects Tests in Moderated Regression , 2012 .

[26]  Peter J. Roberts,et al.  Accessed from , 2022 .

[27]  Robert Hanna.  What is the self? , 2011, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[28]  Ö. F. Şimşek,et al.  I feel unique, therefore I am: The development and preliminary validation of the personal sense of uniqueness (PSU) scale , 2010 .

[29]  Mary E. Thomson,et al.  The relative influence of advice from human experts and statistical methods on forecast adjustments , 2009 .

[30]  S. Iyengar,et al.  Tragic Choices: Autonomy and Emotional Responses to Medical Decisions , 2009 .

[31]  Ellen Peters,et al.  Beyond information: exploring patients' preferences. , 2009, JAMA.

[32]  Scott Highhouse.  Stubborn Reliance on Intuition and Subjectivity in Employee Selection , 2008, Industrial and Organizational Psychology.

[33]  D. Lehmann,et al.  Designing Effective Health Communications: A Meta-Analysis , 2008 .

[34]  Lisa E. Bolton,et al.  How Does Drug and Supplement Marketing Affect a Healthy Lifestyle , 2008 .

[35]  N. Haslam,et al.  Animals and Androids , 2007, Psychological science.

[36]  J. Baron,et al.  Do patients trust computers , 2006 .

[37]  N. Haslam.  Dehumanization: An Integrative Review , 2006, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[38]  S. Iyengar,et al.  The Dark Side of Choice: When Choice Impairs Social Welfare , 2006 .

[39]  N. Haslam,et al.  More human than you: attributing humanness to self and others. , 2005, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[40]  W. Tierney,et al.  Provider Response to Computer-Based Care Suggestions for Chronic Heart Failure , 2005, Medical care.

[41]  L. M. Farrington.  Social Welfare , 1920, Psychiatric Quarterly.

[42]  Timothy F. Malloy.  Science Magazine , 2005 .

[43]  Jeremy Burrus,et al.  Egocentrism and focalism in unrealistic optimism (and pessimism) , 2004 .

[44]  Nada R. Sanders,et al.  The efficacy of using judgmental versus quantitative forecasting methods in practice , 2003 .

[45]  Joseph E LeDoux,et al.  The Self , 2003, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[46]  Justin Kruger,et al.  The influence of egocentrism and focalism on people's optimism in competitions: when what affects us equally affects me more. , 2003, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[47]  J. Quesada,et al.  Cognitive flexibility and adaptability to environmental changes in dynamic complex problem-solving tasks , 2003, Ergonomics.

[48]  P. Ubel.  Is Information Always a Good Thing , 2002 .

[49]  P. Ubel.  Is Information Always a Good Thing?: Helping Patients Make “Good” Decisions , 2002, Medical care.

[50]  D. Axsom,et al.  Pessimistic Bias in Comparative Evaluations: A Case of Perceived Vulnerability to the Effects of Negative Life Events , 2001 .

[51]  Jeroen Vaes,et al.  Psychological essentialism and the differential attribution of uniquely human emotions to ingroups and outgroups , 2001 .

[52]  Rashmi R. Sinha,et al.  Comparing Recommendations Made by Online Systems and Friends , 2001, DELOS.

[53]  G. Petsko.  The dark side , 2000, Genome Biology.

[54]  Neeraj Arora,et al.  Patient preferences for medical decision making: who really wants to participate? , 2000, Medical care.

[55]  W. Grove,et al.  Clinical versus mechanical prediction: a meta-analysis. , 2000, Psychological assessment.

[56]  Christopher K. Hsee,et al.  Preference Reversals between Joint and Separate Evaluations of Outcomes , 1999 .

[57]  Christopher K. Hsee,et al.  Preference Reversals between Joint and Separate Evaluations of Options: A Review and Theoretical Analysis , 1999 .

[58]  J. Kruger.  Lake Wobegon be gone! The "below-average effect" and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments. , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[59]  Helen Nissenbaum,et al.  Will computers dehumanize education? A grounded approach to values at risk , 1998 .

[60]  Seymour Epstein,et al.  Cognitive-experiential self-theory. , 1998 .

[61]  Buck K.W. Pei,et al.  The Effects of Decision Consequences on Auditors' Reliance on Decision Aids in Audit Planning☆☆☆ , 1997 .

[62]  M. F. Luce,et al.  Examining Medical Decision Making from a Marketing Perspective , 1997 .

[63]  P. Meehl,et al.  Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: The clinical–statistical controversy. , 1996 .

[64]  J. Baron,et al.  An Exploratory Study of Choice Rules Favored for High-Stakes Decisions , 1995 .

[65]  D. Dunning.  Words to live by: The self and definitions of social concepts and categories. , 1993 .

[66]  U Böckenholt,et al.  Use of formal Methods in Medical Decision Making , 1992, Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making.

[67]  L. A. Pervin.  Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research , 1992 .

[68]  M. Brewer.  The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time , 1991 .

[69]  R. Dawes,et al.  Heuristics and Biases: Clinical versus Actuarial Judgment , 2002 .

[70]  Shelley E. Taylor,et al.  Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health. , 1988, Psychological bulletin.

[71]  C. Steele.  The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self , 1988 .

[72]  J. Stephen Wormith,et al.  The Clinical and Statistical Prediction of Recidivism , 1984 .

[73]  A. Montagu,et al.  The Dehumanization Of Man , 1983 .

[74]  A. Greenwald,et al.  Psychological perspectives on the self , 1982 .

[75]  O. Svenson.  ARE WE ALL LESS RISKY AND MORE SKILLFUL THAN OUR FELLOW DRIVERS , 1981 .

[76]  A. Greenwald.  The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. , 1980 .

[77]  Howard L. Fromkin,et al.  Uniqueness, the human pursuit of difference , 1980 .

[78]  R. Dawes.  Judgment under uncertainty: The robust beauty of improper linear models in decision making , 1979 .

[79]  D. Ryback,et al.  The "Illusion" of Uniqueness , 1978 .

[80]  Laurie Larwood,et al.  Managerial myopia: Self-serving biases in organizational planning. , 1977 .

[81]  J. Brehm,et al.  Attitude change from an implied threat to attitudinal freedom. , 1968, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[82]  J. Sawyer,et al.  Measurement and prediction, clinical and statistical. , 1966, Psychological bulletin.

[83]  A. Maslow.  Toward a Psychology of Being , 1962 .

[84]  Karen Horney,et al.  The Neurotic Personality of Our Time , 1937 .

[85]  S. Fiske,et al.  The Handbook of Social Psychology , 1935 .