The Heavy Metal-Binding Peptides of Plants

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 554 BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 PHYTOCHELATINS: PRIMARY SEQUENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 OCCURRENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 557 IDENTIFICATION AND ASSAY OF PHYTOCHELA TINS . . ... ....... . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . 557 METAL ION SPECIFICITY AND PHYTOCHELATIN INDUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 558 BIOSyNTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 TURNOVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . 563 COMPARTMENTALIZATION . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 THE STRUCTURE OF PHYTOCHELATIN COMPLEXES WITH METALS 565 Metal Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 Ligands . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 Significance of Peptide Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. 565 Molecular Weight of Binding Complexes . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 Labile Sulfide . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,....... . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 566 Labile Sulfite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 567 ROLE OF PHYTOCHELATINS IN METAL-TOLERANT PLANTS AND CELLS. .. . 570 CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . . . 57 1

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