Electrochromic tungsten oxide films: Review of progress 1993–1998

[1]  M. Figlarz.  New oxides in the WO3-MoO3 system , 1989 .

[2]  Lars Hedin,et al.  Explicit local exchange-correlation potentials , 1971 .

[3]  M. Doeff,et al.  Polyorganodisulfide electrodes for solid-state batteries and electrochromic devices , 1993 .

[4]  Haitao Huang,et al.  Improvements in the life of WO3 electrochromic films , 1992 .

[5]  G. Martinelli,et al.  Microstructural characterization of a titanium-tungsten oxide gas sensor , 1997 .

[6]  Norio Miura,et al.  Grain‐Size Effects in Tungsten Oxide‐Based Sensor for Nitrogen Oxides , 1994 .

[7]  M. Nygren,et al.  Electrical conductivity and high resolution electron microscopy studies of WO3−x crystals with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.28 , 1983 .

[8]  Stephan Herminghaus,et al.  On the fundamental role of oxygen for the photochromic effect of WO3 , 1993 .

[9]  S. C. Parker,et al.  An STM study of surface structures on WO3(001) , 1996 .

[10]  O. Bohnké,et al.  Electrochromism in WO3 thin films. I. LiClO4-propylene carbonate-water electrolytes , 1982 .

[11]  Maryam Olsson,et al.  High rate reactive dc magnetron sputter deposition of Al2O3 films , 1998 .

[12]  A. Azens,et al.  High-rate dual-target d.c. magnetron sputter deposition of electrochromic MoO3 films , 1997 .

[13]  C. Zhan,et al.  Band Structure and Density of States of NaxWO3 , 1993 .

[14]  L. Su,et al.  ALL SOLID-STATE SMART WINDOW OF ELECTRODEPOSITED WO3 AND TiO2 PARTICULATE FILM WITH PTREFG GEL ELECTROLYTE , 1998 .

[15]  Alberto Zanelli,et al.  Electrochromic devices: A comparison of several systems , 1995 .

[16]  J. Livage,et al.  Etude des mécanismes électrochimiques dans les films minces d'oxyde de tungstène , 1993 .

[17]  L. Torres-Martínez,et al.  Lithium insertion in two tetragonal tungsten bronze type phases, M8W9O47 (M=Nb and Ta) , 1998 .

[18]  C. Lioutas,et al.  X-Ray and Electron Diffraction Study of the Tetragonal Sodium Tungsten Bronze, Na0.10WO3, with Distorted Perovskite Structure , 1997 .

[19]  R. Lechner,et al.  All solid state electrochromic devices on glass and polymeric foils , 1998 .

[20]  D. Tsamakis,et al.  Tungsten Oxide Thin Films Chemically Vapor Deposited at Low Pressure by W ( CO ) 6 Pyrolysis , 1997 .

[21]  A. Donnadieu,et al.  Optical oscillator strengths and quantum mechanics matrix elements of WO3 polycrystalline thin films , 1994 .

[22]  Wolfgang Graf,et al.  Examination of the kinetics and performance of a catalytically switching (gasochromic) device , 1998 .

[23]  M. Blomberg,et al.  H2S response of WO3 thin-film sensors manufactured by silicon processing technology , 1994 .

[24]  C. Lampert,et al.  Electrochromic characterization of sol-gel deposited coatings , 1998 .

[25]  D. Deroo,et al.  Some novel prospective polymer electrolytes containing potassium ion for electrochromic devices, with preliminary tests on Prussian blue/KxWO3 electrochromic windows , 1993 .

[26]  S. A. Agnihotry,et al.  Electrical properties and morphology of obliquely deposited electrochromic WO3 films , 1986 .

[27]  C. Rao,et al.  Novel Metastable Structures of WO3, MoO3 and W1‐xMoxO3 Obtained by the Deintercalation of Layered Amine Adducts , 1995 .

[28]  D. Gerstenberg,et al.  Physics of Thin Films , 1964 .

[29]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Angular selective window coatings: theory and experiments , 1997 .

[30]  Andris Azens,et al.  Sputter-deposited nickel oxide for electrochromic applications , 1998 .

[31]  P. Patil,et al.  Photoelectrochemical characterization of sprayed tungsten oxide thin films , 1994 .

[32]  E. Salje.  Polarons and bipolarons in tungsten oxide, WO3−x , 1994 .

[33]  G. Niklasson,et al.  Angular selective optical transmittance through Cr-based films made by oblique angle sputtering: experiment and theory , 1995 .

[34]  T. Kudo,et al.  Synthesis of the Hexagonal Form of Tungsten Trioxide from Peroxopolytungstate via Ammonium Paratungstate Decahydrate , 1998 .

[35]  J. L. Paul,et al.  Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Sputtered Tungsten Oxide Films , 1993 .

[36]  Y. Hayashi,et al.  The Structural Changes of Indium-Tin Oxide and a-WO3 Films by Introducing Water to the Deposition Processes , 1991 .

[37]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Chemically enhanced sputtering in fluorine-containing plasmas: application to tungsten oxyfluoride , 1995 .

[38]  G. Harding.  High rate D.C. reactively sputtered metal-oxy-fluorine dielectric materials , 1986 .

[39]  W. Estrada,et al.  Electrochromism in NiO x and WO x obtained by spray pyrolysis , 1995 .

[40]  M. Greenblatt.  PHOSPHATE TUNGSTEN BRONZES — A NEW FAMILY OF QUASI-LOW-DIMENSIONAL METALLIC OXIDES , 1993 .

[41]  K. Nonaka,et al.  Raman spectra of sol-gel-derived tungsten oxides , 1993 .

[42]  Effect of cerium oxide addition on the optical absorption edge of tungsten trioxide , 1993 .

[43]  G. Niklasson,et al.  Angular-selective optical transmittance of highly transparent Al-oxide- based films made by oblique-angle sputtering , 1995 .

[44]  J. Vondrak,et al.  Insertion of Hydrogen and/or Lithium Into Cesium Tungsten Bronze , 1997 .

[45]  M. Paoli,et al.  An electrochromic device based on association of the graft copolymer of polyaniline and nitrilic rubber with WO3 , 1994 .

[46]  Agostino Pennisi,et al.  An electrochromic device working in absence of ion storage counterelectrode , 1995 .

[47]  Bruno Scrosati,et al.  The role of conductive polymers in advanced electrochemical technology , 1994 .

[48]  M. Aegerter,et al.  Sol-gel electrochromic device , 1994 .

[49]  M. Rubin,et al.  Structure and Electronic Properties of Electrochromic NiO Films , 1993 .

[50]  M. Antonik,et al.  Microstructural effects in WO3 gas-sensing films , 1995 .

[51]  O. Tillement.  Solid state ionics electrochemical devices , 1994 .

[52]  Yoshiyuki Sato,et al.  Electrochromic properties of spin-coated nickel oxide films , 1998 .

[53]  M. Klingler,et al.  Three-layer electrochromic system , 1995 .

[54]  J. Swart,et al.  Analysis of The Etching Mechanisms of Tungsten in Fluorine Containing Plasmas , 1995 .

[55]  M. Penza,et al.  SAW NOx gas sensor using WO3 thin-film sensitive coating , 1997 .

[56]  Remo Guidieri.  Res , 1995, RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics.

[57]  Y. Noda,et al.  Potential wave-form measurements of an electrochromic device, WO3/Sb2O5/C, at coloration-bleaching processes using a new quasi-reference electrode , 1993 .

[58]  C. Granqvist.  Electrochromic oxides: a bandstructure approach , 1994 .

[59]  W–Ti–O layers for gas-sensing applications: Structure, morphology, and electrical properties , 1998 .

[60]  Jinghua Fang,et al.  All-Solid-State Electrochromic Display Device of Prussian Blue and WO3 Particulate Film , 1997 .

[61]  T. Shodai,et al.  Rechargeable lithium thin film cells with inorganic electrolytes , 1996 .

[62]  Giorgio Sberveglieri,et al.  Structural studies of tungsten-titanium oxide thin films , 1996 .

[63]  D. Davazoglou,et al.  Low Pressure Chemically Vapor Deposited WO 3 Thin Films for Integrated Gas Sensor Applications , 1998 .

[64]  M. Straumanis,et al.  The Lithium Tungsten Bronzes1 , 1950 .

[65]  Young-Min Choi,et al.  A study on the hydrogen intercalation into rf-magnetron sputtered amorphous WO3 film using cyclic voltammetry combined with electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique , 1998 .

[66]  T. Miyano.  An Interpretation on Incommensurate Structures ofL-Ta2O5-Type Phases in the Ta2O5–WO3System , 1996 .

[67]  H. F. Winters.  The etching of W(111) with XeF2 , 1985 .

[68]  Yoshiyuki Sato,et al.  Electrochromic Properties of Nickel Oxide Films Prepared by the Oxidation of Nickel-Carbon Composite Films , 1996 .

[69]  P. Leiderer,et al.  The dynamics of the photochromic effect in tungsten trioxide , 1994 .

[70]  R. Carlton.  Z. , 1904, Industrial and Labor Relations Terms.

[71]  A. Azens,et al.  Evaporation of tungsten oxides: A mass-spectrometric study of the vapour contents , 1995 .

[72]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Electrochromic behavior of electrodeposited tungsten oxide thin films , 1996 .

[73]  S. Cogan,et al.  Variable transmittance coatings using electrochromic lithium chromate and amorphous WO{sub 3} thin films , 1997 .

[74]  G. Sberveglieri,et al.  Sub-ppm NO2 sensors based on nanosized thin films of titanium-tungsten oxides , 1996 .

[75]  E. Kaldis.  Current Topics in Materials Science , 1980 .

[76]  I. Jakubec,et al.  Insertion of Hydrogen into Hexagonal Tungsten Bronzes A0.3WO3 (A = K, NH4 and Cs) , 1996 .

[77]  S. Pyun,et al.  Hydrogen transport through rf-magnetron sputtered amorphous WO3 film with three kinds of hydrogen injection sites , 1997 .

[78]  J. Purans,et al.  X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of local structural changes in a-WO3 under colouration , 1993 .

[79]  Clemens Bechinger,et al.  Comparison between electrochromic and photochromic coloration efficiency of tungsten oxide thin films , 1997 .

[80]  P. Pramanik,et al.  Ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectral analysis of a chemically prepared WO3-polyaniline composite , 1994 .

[81]  R. Torresi,et al.  Electrochemical intercalation in NiOx thin films , 1993 .

[82]  Enric Bertran,et al.  Optical and Electrical Real-Time Characterization of the Color-Switching Process in Thin Film Electrochromic Devices , 1995 .

[83]  G. Niklasson,et al.  ANGULAR-SELECTIVE OPTICAL TRANSMITTANCE OF ANISOTROPIC INHOMOGENEOUS CR-BASED FILMS MADE BY SPUTTERING , 1995 .

[84]  A. Zanelli,et al.  An electrochromic device combining polypyrrole and WO3-I. Liquid electrolyte , 1996 .

[85]  Concentration‐dependent diffusivity: Hydrogen percolation in WO3 , 1983 .

[86]  M. Hanabusa.  Photochemical Vapor Deposition , 1991 .

[87]  M. Fox.  Optical Properties of Solids , 2010 .

[88]  John Bell,et al.  Degradation mechanisms in electrochromic devices based on sol-gel deposited thin films , 1995 .

[89]  L. Bulhões,et al.  Dip-coated TiO2CeO2 films as transparent counter-electrode for transmissive electrochromic devices☆ , 1990 .

[90]  J. Svensson,et al.  Optical properties of electrochromic hydrated nickel oxide coatings made by rf sputtering. , 1987, Applied optics.

[91]  S. K. Deb.  Electron spin resonance of defects in single crystal and thin films of tungsten trioxide , 1977 .

[92]  H. Leamy,et al.  Columnar microstructure in vapor-deposited thin films , 1977 .

[93]  E. Masetti,et al.  Development of a phase-sensitive ellipsometer and application to the real-time analysis of chromogenic WO3 films during the coloration process , 1998 .

[94]  O. Bohnké,et al.  Depth profiling of W, O and H in tungsten trioxide thin films using RBS and ERDA techniques , 1996 .

[95]  P. Judeinstein,et al.  All Sol-Gel Electrochromic Devices with Li+ Ionic Conductor, WO3 Electrochromic Films and SnO2 Counter-Electrode Films , 1998 .

[96]  X. Gonze,et al.  Anomalously large Born effective charges in cubic WO3 , 1997 .

[97]  N. Koshida,et al.  Application of dual-functional MoO3/WO3 bilayer resists to focused ion beam nanolithography , 1998 .

[98]  P. V. Nijnatten,et al.  Determination of directional optical properties of an electrochromic device , 1997 .

[99]  Anoop Agrawal,et al.  Microstructure and properties of sol-gel deposited WO3 coatings for large area electrochromic windows , 1993 .

[100]  C. Lioutas,et al.  An X-Ray and Electron Diffraction Study of the Intergrowth Tungsten Bronze Sb0.16WO3 , 1997 .

[101]  F. Krumeich,et al.  The Structure of Tantalum Tungsten Oxide Ta8W9O47 , 1996 .

[102]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Color properties of transparent and heat-reflecting MgF2-coated indium-tin-oxide films. , 1983, Applied optics.

[103]  F. Mizukami,et al.  Orientated crystal formation in a tungsten oxide film prepared by a sol-gel process on an amorphous quartz glass substrate , 1996 .

[104]  K. Kalcher,et al.  Mixed phosphotungstic acid/titanium oxide gels and thin solid xerogel films with electrochromic-ionic conductive properties , 1994 .

[105]  R. Torresi,et al.  An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of lithium insertion into thin films of tungsten trioxide I. Modeling of the ionic insertion mechanism , 1995 .

[106]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Electrochromism of Li-intercalated Sn oxide films made by sputtering , 1996 .

[107]  M. Sienko,et al.  Studies in Non-Stoichiometry. Electrical Conductivity and Carrier Mobility in Lithium Tungsten Bronzes1 , 1961 .

[108]  F. Mizukami,et al.  Crystal structures and optical properties of tungsten oxide films prepared by a complexing-agent-assisted sol-gel process , 1995 .

[109]  G. Martinelli,et al.  Gas-sensing applications of W–Ti–O-based nanosized thin films prepared by r.f. reactive sputtering , 1997 .

[110]  J. R. Vilche,et al.  A study of thin anodic WO3 films by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy , 1997 .

[111]  J. Owen,et al.  Parasitic currents in electrochromic devices , 1996 .

[112]  The intercalation front in electrochromic nickel oxide electrodes: an optical analysis , 1993 .

[113]  M. Habib,et al.  Electrochromic characteristics of a complementary tungsten trioxide/Prussian blue cell , 1993 .

[114]  P. Sharma,et al.  Synthesis, characterization and electrochromic properties of NiOxHy thin film prepared by a sol–gel method , 1998 .

[115]  Stuart F. Cogan,et al.  Free‐electron electrochromic modulation in crystalline LixWO3 , 1986 .

[116]  Zuhong Lu,et al.  All solid-state electrochromic device with PMMA gel electrolyte , 1998 .

[117]  P. Woodward,et al.  Ferroelectric Tungsten Trioxide , 1997 .

[118]  K. Yoon,et al.  Structural and photocurrent–voltage characteristics of tungsten oxide thin films on p ‐GaAs , 1996 .

[119]  K. Yoon,et al.  EFFECT OF PT LAYERS ON THE PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A WO3/P-SI ELECTRODE , 1998 .

[120]  F. Krumeich.  Order and Disorder in Niobium Tungsten Oxides of the Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Type , 1998 .

[121]  P. J. Nicholson,et al.  Electrodynamics of a Semiclassical Free-Electron Gas , 1967 .

[122]  Volker Wittwer,et al.  Materials for solar energy conversion: An overview , 1998 .

[123]  I. Yasui,et al.  Structural study of amorphous WO_3 thin films prepared by the ion exchange method , 1991 .

[124]  G. Bader,et al.  Study of lithium intercalation into tungsten oxide films prepared by different methods , 1994 .

[125]  D. P. Button,et al.  Fast ion transport in oxide glasses , 1980 .

[126]  P. Bruce,et al.  Solid State Electrochemistry , 1997 .

[127]  Jānis Kleperis,et al.  Electrochromic colour centres in amorphous tungsten trioxide thin films , 1984 .

[128]  R. Kostecki,et al.  In Situ Ellipsometric Study of the Electroprecipitation of Nickel Hydroxide Films , 1998 .

[129]  Bruno Chevalier,et al.  Development and characterisation of electrochromic devices on polymeric substrates , 1995 .

[130]  L. Torres-Martínez,et al.  Lithium in W18O49: synthesis and characterization of novel phases , 1995 .

[131]  T. Amemiya,et al.  Color impedance and electrochemical impedance studies of WO3 thin films: H+ and Li+ transport , 1997 .

[132]  Bruno Scrosati,et al.  Electrochromic windows based on polyaniline, tungsten oxide and gel electrolytes , 1995 .

[133]  M. A. Daous,et al.  Optical properties of thin films of and mixed oxides , 1997 .

[134]  Electrical Characteristics of CO2-Sensitive Diode Based on WO3 and IrO2 for Microsensor Applications , 1998 .

[135]  A. Gorenstein,et al.  Toward Efficient Electrochromic NiO x Films A Study of Microstructure, Morphology, and Stoichiometry of Radio Frequency Sputtered Films , 1998 .

[136]  Anders Hjelm,et al.  Recent Advances in Electrochromics for Smart Windows Applications , 1998, Optical Interference Coatings.

[137]  A. Deneuville,et al.  Characterization of a-“WO3” thin films before and after colouration☆ , 1980 .

[138]  Enrico Masetti,et al.  The electrochromic response of tungsten bronzes MxWO3 with different ions and insertion rates , 1995 .

[139]  R. W. Fessenden,et al.  Electrochromic and photoelectrochromic behavior of thin WO[sub 3] films prepared from quantum size colloidal particles , 1994 .

[140]  S. Garofalini,et al.  Scanning Force Microscopy Investigation of Surface Forces at the Tungsten Oxide/Lithium Borate Interface , 1998 .

[141]  J. Vondrak,et al.  Insertion of hydrogen into hexagonal ammonium tungsten bronze (NH4)0.3WO3 , 1994 .

[142]  T. Kudo,et al.  Hexagonal and pyrochlore-type cesium tungstate synthesized from cesium peroxo-polytungstate and their redox chemistry , 1993 .

[143]  C. Catlow,et al.  Transition Metal Oxide Chemistry: Electronic Structure Study of WO3, ReO3, and NaWO3 , 1997 .

[144]  H. Schmidt,et al.  Development of electrochromic cells by the sol-gel process , 1998 .

[145]  Carl M. Lampert,et al.  Characteristics of laminated electrochromic devices using polyorganodisulfide electrodes , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[146]  C. Granqvist,et al.  High-rate dual-target DC magnetron sputter deposition of blue electrochromic Mo oxide films , 1998 .

[147]  H. Ohno,et al.  Preparation and characteristics of all solid-state electrochromic display with cation-conductive polymer electrolytes , 1993 .

[148]  O. Bohnké,et al.  In situ detection of electrical conductivity variation of an a-WO3 thin film during electrochemical reduction and oxidation in LiClO4(M)-PC electrolyte , 1994 .

[149]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Elastic light scattering and electrochemical durability of electrochromic tungsten-oxide-based films , 1996 .

[150]  Marco Faccio,et al.  NO2 sensitivity of WO3 thin film obtained by high vacuum thermal evaporation , 1996 .

[151]  V. Lantto,et al.  Gas-sensing properties of SnxWO3+x mixed oxide thick films , 1998 .

[152]  G. Harding.  Production and properties of high rate sputtered low index transparent dielectric materials based on aluminium-oxy-fluorine , 1985 .

[153]  P. Shen,et al.  Electrochromism of Electrodeposited Tungsten Trioxide Films I . Electrochemical Characterization , 1994 .

[154]  P. J. Hardman,et al.  Core level studies of sodium tungsten bronze, Na0.64WO3(110) 3×1 , 1998 .

[155]  T. Kudo,et al.  Coloration dynamics of tungsten oxide based all solid state electrochromic device , 1994 .

[156]  D. B. Hibbert,et al.  A tungsten oxide coated wire electrode used as a pH sensor in flow injection potentiometry , 1998 .

[157]  F. Decker,et al.  Stress in thin films of metal oxide electrodes for intercalation reactions , 1998 .

[158]  A. Cavaleiro,et al.  Thermal Oxidation of Tungsten‐Based Sputtered Coatings , 1997 .

[159]  J. Vondrak,et al.  The Role of Water in Hydrogen Insertion into WO3 , 1994 .

[160]  A. Goossens,et al.  A photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of passive tungsten , 1993 .

[161]  T. Yamase,et al.  Photo- and Electrochromism of Polyoxometalates and Related Materials. , 1998, Chemical reviews.

[162]  J. Takada,et al.  X-ray Diffraction Study on the Framework Structure of Amorphous Tungsten Trioxide Films , 1995 .

[163]  C. K. Carniglia,et al.  Scalar Scattering Theory for Multilayer Optical Coatings , 1979 .

[164]  B. Lundqvist,et al.  Exchange and correlation in atoms, molecules, and solids by the spin-density-functional formalism , 1976 .

[165]  P. Bressers,et al.  The electrochromic behavior of indium tin oxide in propylene carbonate solutions , 1998 .

[166]  Marco-A. De Paoli,et al.  An electrochromic device combining polypyrrole and WO3 II: solid-state device with polymeric electrolyte , 1997 .

[167]  Zuhong Lu,et al.  All solid-state electrochromic window of electrodeposited WO3 and prussian blue film with PVC gel electrolyte , 1998 .

[168]  David K. Benson,et al.  Chromic Mechanism in Amorphous WO 3 Films , 1997 .

[169]  O. Bohnké,et al.  Electrochromism in WO3 thin films. II. LiClO4-dioxolane-water electrolytes , 1982 .

[170]  Joonsung Bae,et al.  Hydrogen transport through r.f.-magnetron sputtered amorphous and crystalline WO3 films , 1996 .

[171]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Electrochromism in lithiated Sn oxide: Mössbauer spectroscopy data on valence state changes , 1996 .

[172]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Electrochromic oxides: A unified view , 1994 .

[173]  Wills,et al.  Electronic structure and optical properties of WO3, LiWO3, NaWO3, and HWO3. , 1996, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[174]  A. Azens,et al.  Optical and electrochemical properties of Li+ intercalated Zr–Ce oxide and Hf–Ce oxide films , 1998 .

[175]  R. Goldner.  Attaining a solar energy economy with active thin film structures , 1995 .

[176]  Wei Yu,et al.  An all solid-state electrochromic smart window , 1998 .

[177]  Anders Hagfeldt,et al.  Light-Induced Redox Reactions in Nanocrystalline Systems , 1995 .

[178]  H. F. Winters.  Etch products from the reaction on Cl2 with Al(100) and Cu(100) and XeF2 with W(111) and Nb , 1985 .

[179]  P. Bukovec,et al.  Optical, spectroelectrochemical and structural properties of sol-gel derived Ni-oxide electrochromic film , 1996 .

[180]  S. R. Kennedy,et al.  Step‐Current Analysis of the Built‐in Potential of Tungsten Oxide‐Based Electrochromic Devices and the Effects of Spontaneous Hydrogen Deintercalation , 1997 .

[181]  Z. Vroon,et al.  Sol-gel coatings on large area glass sheets for electrochromic devices , 1997 .

[182]  M. Bernard,et al.  Elaboration and study of a PANI/PAMPS/WO3 all solid-state electrochromic device , 1998 .

[183]  O. Bohnké,et al.  Kinetics study and modelling of the electrochromic phenomenon in amorphous tungsten trioxide thin films in acid and lithium electrolytes , 1994 .

[184]  S. Pyun,et al.  Lithium ion transport in r.f.-magnetron sputtered WO3 film as a function of lithium content , 1996 .

[185]  Dahn,et al.  Lithium intercalation into WO3 and the phase diagram of LixWO3. , 1992, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[186]  A. Azens,et al.  Optical and electrochemical properties of dc magnetron sputtered Ti–Ce oxide films , 1996 .

[187]  D. Cahen,et al.  Ion Potential Diagrams for Electrochromic Devices , 1998 .

[188]  J. Klein,et al.  Crystallinity Effects in the Optical Modulation of Electrochromic Devices , 1995 .

[189]  M. Rubin,et al.  Optical indices of electrochromic tungsten oxide , 1997 .

[190]  S. E. Selkowitz,et al.  Visual quality assessment of electrochromic and conventional glazings , 1996 .

[191]  N. Oyama,et al.  Electrochromic display device of tungsten trioxide and prussian blue films using polymer gel electrolyte of methacrylate , 1995 .

[192]  G. Niklasson,et al.  Angular Selectivity of the Infrared Transmittance through Obliquely Sputter-deposited Ti-oxide-based Films , 1995 .

[193]  Michele Penza,et al.  Tungsten trioxide (WO3) sputtered thin films for a NOx gas sensor , 1998 .

[194]  T. Kudo,et al.  Synthesis of new tungsten bronze phases from peroxo-polytungstate precursors , 1997 .

[195]  O. K. Andersen,et al.  Linear methods in band theory , 1975 .

[196]  近藤 和吉,et al.  タングステン酸塩の水素還元によるナトリウムタングステンブロンズ (立方晶) の合成 , 1993 .

[197]  M. Whittingham,et al.  Tungsten Oxides and Bronzes: Synthesis, Diffusion and Reactivity , 1993 .

[198]  N. Zakharov,et al.  Two high-pressure tungsten oxide structures of W3O8 stoichiometry deduced from high-resolution electron microscopy images , 1993 .

[199]  David K. Benson,et al.  Optimization Study of Solid‐State Electrochromic Devices Based on WO 3 / Lithium ‐ Polymer Electrolyte / V 2 O 5 Structures , 1994 .

[200]  A. Hinsch,et al.  Electrochromic mixed WO3TiO2 thin films produced by sputtering and the sol-gel technique: A comparison , 1993 .

[201]  A. Azens,et al.  Decreased electrochromism in Li-intercalated Ti oxide films containing La, Ce, and Pr , 1997 .

[202]  B. Chowdari,et al.  Structure and ionic conduction in the Ag2O·WO3·TeO2 glass system , 1998 .

[203]  J. Bell,et al.  Influence of deposition temperature on electrochromic properties of sputtered W03 thin films , 1996 .

[204]  S. Froyen,et al.  Brillouin-zone integration by Fourier quadrature: Special points for superlattice and supercell calculations. , 1989, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[205]  J. Bell,et al.  Sol-gel deposited electrochromic devices , 1998 .

[206]  M. Morita.  Multicolor electrochromic behavior of polyaniline composite films combined with tungsten trioxide , 1994 .

[207]  T. Kudo,et al.  Hexagonal and pyrochlore-type cesium tungstates synthesized from cesium peroxo-polytungstate and their intercalation chemistry , 1994 .

[208]  J. Purans,et al.  A new fast spherical approximation for calculation of multiple-scattering contributions in x-ray absorption fine structure and its application to ReO3, NaWO3, and MoO3 , 1993 .

[209]  E. Meulenkamp.  Mechanism of WO3 electrodeposition from peroxy-tungstate solution , 1997 .

[210]  J. Pereira‐Ramos,et al.  Improvement of the electrochemical behaviour of WO3 as reversible cathodic material for lithium batteries , 1993 .

[211]  L. Ding,et al.  Preparation and properties of electrochromic tungsten oxide film , 1996 .

[212]  W. Estrada,et al.  Electrochromic nickel-oxide-based coatings made by reactive dc magnetron sputtering: preparation and optical properties , 1988 .

[213]  T. Richardson,et al.  Influence of stoichiometry on electrochromic cerium-titanium oxide compounds , 1998 .

[214]  A. A. Tomchenko,et al.  WO3 thick-film gas sensors , 1998 .

[215]  K. Kalcher,et al.  Optical and electrochemical properties of CeO2 and CeO2TiO2 coatings , 1993 .

[216]  Hong-Ming Lin,et al.  Nanocrystalline WO3-based H2S sensors , 1994 .

[217]  P. Aldebert,et al.  A flexible electrochromic device based on colloidal tungsten oxide and polyaniline , 1996 .

[218]  G. Busca,et al.  The electronic structure of oxide-supported tungsten oxide catalysts as studied by UV spectroscopy , 1998 .

[219]  R. Schöllhorn,et al.  Nanocrystalline structure of WO3 thin films prepared by the sol-gel technique , 1998 .

[220]  A. Azens,et al.  Electrochromism in tungsten oxyfluoride films made by chemically enhanced dc sputtering , 1994 .

[221]  K. Yoon,et al.  Photoeffects in WO3/GaAs electrode , 1996 .

[222]  Choul Woo Shin,et al.  Photoelectrochemical conversion in a WO3 coated p-Si photoelectrode: Effect of annealing temperature , 1997 .

[223]  A. Azens,et al.  Electrochromic films of tungsten oxyfluoride and electron bombarded tungsten oxide , 1996 .

[224]  David K. Benson,et al.  Semi-transparent a-SiC:H solar cells for self-powered photovoltaic-electrochromic devices , 1996 .

[225]  I. Shiyanovskaya,et al.  Raman and IR study of structural changes in tungsten trioxide electrochromic thin films , 1993 .

[226]  Sinclair S. Yee,et al.  An integrated array of multiple thin-film metal oxide sensors for quantification of individual components in organic vapor mixtures , 1993 .

[227]  R. Kostecki,et al.  Spectroscopic ellipsometry of electrochemical precipitation and oxidation of nickel hydroxide films , 1998 .

[228]  O. Bohnké,et al.  Constant phase angle behavior of SnO2/WO3 thin film electrodes in anhydrous LiClO4—propylene carbonate electrolyte , 1993 .

[229]  M. Aegerter,et al.  Electrochromic smart windows , 1992 .

[230]  S. Laruelle,et al.  High-Energy Milling of WO3 Oxides: Amorphization and Reaction with Cs2CO3 , 1994 .

[231]  U. Riaz.  Low-temperature atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition of tungsten oxide thin films , 1993 .

[232]  B. Scrosati,et al.  Thin metal oxide films on transparent substrates for Li-insertion devices , 1993 .

[233]  Y. C. Chung,et al.  Preparation and characterization of tungsten trioxide/dibenzyl viologen polymer bilayer electrochromic films , 1993 .

[234]  V. Truong,et al.  Fabrication and testing of an all-solid state system for smart window application , 1996 .

[235]  N. Ooto,et al.  Liquid membrane electrolyte for electrochromic windows , 1993 .

[236]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Optically passive counter electrodes for electrochromic devices: transition metal–cerium oxide thin films , 1998 .

[237]  G. Bader,et al.  Electrochromic properties of nanocrystalline tungsten oxide thin films , 1998 .

[238]  Mark S. Burdis,et al.  Observation of non-ideal lithium insertion into sputtered thin films of tungsten oxide , 1994 .

[239]  B. Malaman,et al.  Influence of the nature of milling media on phase transformations induced by grinding in some oxides , 1995 .

[240]  G. Niklasson,et al.  Angular-selective Optical Transmittance Through Obliquely Evaporated Cr Films: Experiments and Theory , 1996 .

[241]  I. Shiyanovskaya.  Structure rearrangement and electrochromic properties of amorphous tungsten trioxide films , 1995 .

[242]  P. Leiderer,et al.  Photoinduced doping of thin amorphous WO3 films , 1994 .

[243]  Price,et al.  Total energies and bonding for crystallographic structures in titanium-carbon and tungsten-carbon systems. , 1989, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[244]  Cooper,et al.  Synthesis of band and model Hamiltonian theory for hybridizing cerium systems. , 1987, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[245]  Z. C. Orel,et al.  Optical Properties of Pure CeO2 and Mixed CeO2/SnO2 Thin Film Coatings , 1994 .

[246]  C. Poinsignon,et al.  Sol gel preparation of mixed cerium—titanium oxide thin films , 1994 .

[247]  M. Whittingham,et al.  The hydrothermal synthesis of new oxide materials , 1995 .

[248]  J. Livage.  Ionic Properties of Hydrous Oxide Gels , 1992 .

[249]  Impedance studies on Li insertion electrodes of Sn oxide and oxyfluoride , 1996 .

[250]  A. Azens,et al.  Transparent ion intercalation films of Zr–Ce oxide , 1997 .

[251]  J. Svensson,et al.  Electrochromic hydrated nickel oxide coatings for energy efficient windows: Optical properties and coloration mechanism , 1986 .

[252]  C. E. Tracy,et al.  Low‐voltage electrochromic device for photovoltaic‐powered smart windows , 1996 .

[253]  N. Ngoc,et al.  The preparation and gas sensitive property of Pt–WO3 thin film , 1998 .

[254]  J. Yao,et al.  Visible-Light Photochromism in Electrolytically Pretreated WO3 Thin Films , 1998 .

[255]  B. Orel,et al.  Structural and electrochemical properties of sol-gel derived Mo:CeO2, Si:Mo:CeO2 and Si:CeO2 nanocrystalline films for electrochromic devices , 1997 .

[256]  E. Gerlach.  REVIEW ARTICLE: Carrier scattering and transport in semiconductors treated by the energy-loss method , 1986 .

[257]  M. Deen,et al.  Sensors for detecting sub-ppm NO{sub 2} using photochemically produced amorphous tungsten oxide , 1998 .

[258]  M. S. Mattsson,et al.  Cation intercalation in sputter-deposited W oxide films , 1998 .

[259]  J. Volke,et al.  ELEKTROCHROMISMUS A ZAVADENI ELEKTROCHROMNI TECHNIKY , 1996 .

[260]  Zuhong Lu,et al.  All-solid-state electrochromic device of electrodeposited WO3 and prussian blue film with PVC gel electrolyte , 1998 .

[261]  A. Kuzmin.  Anisotropy of the photoelectron mean free path and its influence on the EXAFS amplitude , 1994 .

[262]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Photochromism and photoelectrochemistry of amorphous and polycrystalline WO3 films , 1993 .

[263]  K. Ho,et al.  Tungsten Oxide‐Prussian Blue Electrochromic System Based on a Proton‐Conducting Polymer Electrolyte , 1994 .

[264]  Claes-Goeran Granqvist.  Progress in solar energy materials: Examples of work at Uppsala University , 1998 .

[265]  L. Torres-Martínez,et al.  Formation of new tungsten bronzes: electrochemical zinc insertion in WO3 , 1998 .

[266]  S. Chao.  Electrical Characteristics of WO_3-Based CO_2-Sensitive Solid-State Microsensor , 1993 .

[267]  Renata Reisfeld,et al.  Gasochromic effect of palladium doped peroxopolytungstic acid films prepared by the sol-gel route , 1998 .

[268]  M. Denesuk.  The Relation Between Coloring and Bleaching with Lithium in Tungsten Oxide Based Electrochromic Devices , 1997 .

[269]  A. Stashans,et al.  Semiempirical calculations on WO3 and MXWO3 crystals (M = H, Li, Na) , 1997 .

[270]  Bruno Valla,et al.  Solid state electrochromic display based on polymer electrode-polymer electrolyte interface , 1992 .

[271]  C. Granqvist.  Electrochromic materials: Microstructure, electronic bands, and optical properties , 1993 .

[272]  K. Ogura,et al.  Incorporation and expulsion of electrolyte species by tungsten trioxide-, WO3 ∣ Polyaniline-, and WO3 ∣ PAn ∣ polyvinylsulfate-confined electrodes during potential cycling , 1998 .

[273]  J. Pannetier,et al.  A novel supermetastable WO3 phase , 1993 .

[274]  S. A. Agnihotry,et al.  Pre-existence of HxWO3 in e-beam deposited WO3 films , 1995 .

[275]  J. Livage,et al.  Aqueous precursors for electrochromic tungsten oxide hydrates , 1996 .

[276]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Electrochromism of fluorinated and electron‐bombarded tungsten oxide films , 1995 .

[277]  J. Salardenne,et al.  (CeO2)x-(TiO2)1−x: Counter electrode materials for lithium electrochromic devices , 1995 .

[278]  M. Kitao,et al.  Electrochromic properties of nickel oxide films prepared by introduction of hydrogen into sputtering atmosphere , 1995 .

[279]  P. A. Cox,et al.  STM characterisation of a c(2 × 2) reconstruction on Na0.65WO3(100) , 1995 .

[280]  D. Rauh,et al.  Design and fabrication of electrochromic light modulators , 1995 .

[281]  R. Feile,et al.  Compaction of tungsten oxide films by ion-beam irradiation , 1993 .

[282]  Ronald B. Goldner,et al.  Near‐infrared reflectance modulation with electrochromic crystalline WO3 films deposited on ambient temperature glass substrates by an oxygen ion‐assisted technique , 1990 .

[283]  I. Yasui,et al.  X-ray diffraction study of microstructure of amorphous tungsten trioxide films prepared by electron beam vacuum evaporation , 1989 .

[284]  S. Passerini,et al.  Spin coated V2O5 XRG as optically passive electrode in laminated electrochromic devices , 1995 .

[285]  M. Whittingham,et al.  Novel Tungsten, Molybdenum, and Vanadium Oxides Containing Surfactant Ions , 1996 .

[286]  S. Hotchandani,et al.  Photoelectrochemistry of Quantized WO3 Colloids: Electron Storage, Electrochromic, and Photoelectrochromic Effects , 1993 .

[287]  M. Farkas-Jahnke,et al.  A reinvestigation of the preparation of tungsten oxide hydrate WO3, 1/3H2O , 1995 .

[288]  L. Dupont,et al.  Synthesis and Characterization of New Oxide Hydrates Hx(VxMo1−x)O3·0.3H2O and H0.27(V0.27W0.73)O3·1/3H2O , 1996 .

[289]  Y. Djaoued,et al.  Sol-gel-prepared ITO films for electrochromic systems , 1997 .

[290]  F. H. Potter,et al.  Investigation of the oxidation of NaxWO3 surfaces , 1994 .

[291]  J. Purans,et al.  Influence of the focusing effect on XAFS in ReO3, WO3−x and FeF3 , 1995 .

[292]  H. Miyagi,et al.  A study on the stability of polarons in monoclinic WO3 , 1993 .

[293]  M. Nagasono,et al.  Photochromic reaction of peroxopolytungstic acid thin films , 1994 .

[294]  Roth,et al.  High-energy electron-energy-loss study of sodium-tungsten bronzes. , 1995, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[295]  Zuhong Lu,et al.  All solid-state electrochromic smart window of electrodeposited WO3 and prussian blue film with PVC gel electrolyte , 1998 .

[296]  D. Frankel,et al.  Controlled growth of WO3 films , 1997 .

[297]  D. Rönnow,et al.  Design review of an instrument for spectroscopic total integrated light scattering measurements in the visible wavelength region , 1994 .

[298]  K. Benaissa,et al.  Lithiation studies on some transition metal oxides for an all-solid thin film electrochromic system , 1993 .

[299]  R. A. Oriani,et al.  Effects of applied current density and potential step on the stress generation during anodic oxidation of tungsten in 0.1 M H2SO4 solution , 1995 .

[300]  C. B. Greenberg.  Enabling Thin Films for Solar Control Transparencies: A Review , 1993 .

[301]  V. Eyert,et al.  Electronic structure of V 2 O 5 : Role of octahedral deformations , 1998 .

[302]  David K. Benson,et al.  The influence of microstructure on the electrochromic properties of LixWO3 films: Part II. Limiting mechanisms in coloring and bleaching processes , 1993 .

[303]  A. Manthiram,et al.  New Route for the Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Bronzes , 1994 .

[304]  D. Morris,et al.  Electronic states at oxygen deficient WO3(001) surfaces: a study by resonant photoemission , 1998 .

[305]  Akira Kishimoto,et al.  Characterization of amorphous tungsten trioxide thin films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering method , 1994 .

[306]  C. Granqvist.  Electrochromics and smart windows , 1993 .

[307]  J. Moon,et al.  X‐ray photoemission studies of W 4f core levels of electrochromic HxWO3 films , 1996 .

[308]  Thomas de Quincey.  [C] , 2000, The Works of Thomas De Quincey, Vol. 1: Writings, 1799–1820.

[309]  Zuhong Lu,et al.  Spectroelectrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Study of Tungsten Trioxide Particulate Films , 1997 .

[310]  J. Nagai.  Characterization of evaporated nickel oxide and its application to electrochromic glazing , 1993 .

[311]  C. Ribbing,et al.  Electrochromic control of thin film light scattering , 1997 .

[312]  C. Cardinaud,et al.  A Kinetic Study of Reactive Ion Etching of Tungsten in SF 6 / O 2 RF Plasmas , 1993 .

[313]  I. Hamberg,et al.  Evaporated Sn‐doped In2O3 films: Basic optical properties and applications to energy‐efficient windows , 1986 .

[314]  H. Skriver.  The LMTO Method , 1984 .

[315]  P. Monk,et al.  Electrochromic display devices of tungstic oxide containing vanadium oxide or cadmium sulphide as a light-sensitive layer , 1993 .

[316]  Claes G. Granqvist,et al.  Handbook of inorganic electrochromic materials , 1995 .

[317]  A. Fujishima,et al.  Rapid chemical decolorization reaction of HxWO3 thin films and reversible operation of photochromism of WO3 , 1995 .

[318]  N. Kumagai.  Synthesis of hexagonal form of tungsten trioxide and electrochemical lithium insertion into the trioxide , 1996 .

[319]  Bjørn Petter Jelle,et al.  Transmission properties for individual electrochromic layers in solid state devices based on polyaniline, Prussian Blue and tungsten oxide , 1998 .

[320]  B. Orel,et al.  Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Properties of SnO2 and SnO2 / Mo Transparent Electrodes with High Ion‐Storage Capacity , 1997 .

[321]  P. Leiderer,et al.  Photochromic coloration of WO3 with visible light , 1996 .

[322]  Enric Bertran,et al.  Infrared and UV-visible ellipsometric study of WO3 electrochromic thin films , 1998 .

[323]  D. Bullett.  Bulk and surface electron states in WO3 and tungsten bronzes , 1983 .

[324]  R. Torresi,et al.  LITHIUM INSERTION IN WO3 STUDIED BY SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENTS OF IMPEDANCE, ELECTROGRAVIMETRIC AND ELECTRO-OPTICAL TRANSFER FUNCTIONS , 1994 .

[325]  David R. Rosseinsky,et al.  Electrochromism : fundamentals and applications , 1995 .

[326]  S. Cogan,et al.  Design Model for Electrochromic Windows and Application to the WO 3 / IrO2 System , 1993 .

[327]  J. Mathew,et al.  Characterization of Proton‐Induced Color Transition in an Amorphous Tungsten Oxide Film , 1996 .

[328]  S. R. Kennedy,et al.  The relation between coloring and bleaching with lithium in tungsten oxide based electrochromic devices: Step current analysis , 1997 .

[329]  H. Demiryont,et al.  Optical measurements and modeling of an all solid state inorganic thin film electrochromic system , 1997 .

[330]  R. S. Falconer,et al.  Stability, sensitivity and selectivity of tungsten trioxide films for sensing applications , 1993 .

[331]  N. Mott.  Metal-insulator transitions , 1980 .

[332]  N. Ozer.  Optical and electrochemical characteristics of sol-gel deposited tungsten oxide films: a comparison , 1997 .

[333]  T. Maruyama,et al.  The electrochromic properties of nickel oxide thin films prepared by chemical vapor deposition , 1993 .

[334]  H. Schmidt,et al.  All sol—gel electrochromic system for plate glass , 1997 .

[335]  Satyen K. Deb,et al.  Reminiscences on the discovery of electrochromic phenomena in transition metal oxides , 1995 .

[336]  R. A. Oriani,et al.  Effects of chloride ion and applied current density on the stress generation during anodic oxidation of tungsten in 0.1 M H2SO4 solution , 1996 .

[337]  J. Kleperis,et al.  Colour Centres in Amorphous Tungsten Trioxide Thin Films , 1983, May 16.

[338]  G. Bader,et al.  Structure and infrared spectra of sol—gel derived tungsten oxide thin films , 1993 .

[339]  Jean-Raymond Abrial,et al.  On B , 1998, B.

[340]  F. Mizukami,et al.  Refractive indices of the tungsten oxide films prepared by sol-gel and sputtering processes , 1995 .

[341]  S. Laruelle,et al.  Awaxs study of amorphous WO3 and WO3 · nH2O , 1995 .

[342]  Mark S. Burdis,et al.  Electrochromism in Sputtered WO 3 Thin Films , 1996 .

[343]  J. Pereira‐Ramos,et al.  Kinetics of electrochemical insertion of lithium into WO , 1994 .

[344]  W. Kohn,et al.  Self-Consistent Equations Including Exchange and Correlation Effects , 1965 .

[345]  M. Grätzel,et al.  A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films , 1991, Nature.

[346]  J. Bell,et al.  Polymer electrolytes for electrochromic window applications , 1996 .

[347]  A. Agrawal,et al.  Review of solid state electrochromic coatings produced using sol-gel techniques , 1993 .

[348]  Yu Lu,et al.  POLARONS AND BIPOLARONS , 1988 .

[349]  N. Oyama,et al.  Electrochemical intercalation of cations into an amorphous WO3 film and accompanying changes in mass and surface properties , 1995 .

[350]  M. Chigane,et al.  Enhanced Electrochromic Property of Nickel Hydroxide Thin Films Prepared by Anodic Deposition , 1994 .

[351]  G. Turban,et al.  A mechanistic study of SF6 reactive ion etching of tungsten , 1989 .

[352]  Anders Hjelm,et al.  Electrochromism of W-oxide-based thin films : Recent advances , 1996 .

[353]  D. Bullett.  A theoretical study of the x-dependence of the conduction-band density of states in metallic sodium tungsten bronzes NaxWO3 , 1983 .

[354]  L. Su,et al.  All-solid-state Electrochromic Window of Electrodeposited WO3 and Prussian Blue with Poly(ethylene oxide) Gel Electrolyte , 1997 .

[355]  Z. C. Orel,et al.  The electrochromic properties of hydrated nickel oxide films formed by colloidal and anodic deposition , 1993 .

[356]  W. Henley,et al.  Deposition of Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide Thin Films by Plasma‐Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition , 1997 .

[357]  Michael Grunze,et al.  Surface chemistry of H2S-sensitive tungsten oxide films , 1996 .

[358]  J. Petit,et al.  Electrochemical insertion in sol-gel made CeO2-TiO2 from lithium conducting polymer electrolyte: Relation with the material structure , 1995 .

[359]  A. Azens,et al.  Angular selective transmittance through electrochromic tungsten oxide films made by oblique angle sputtering , 1995 .

[360]  C. Vieu,et al.  High voltage electron beam nanolithography on WO3 , 1996 .

[361]  S. Hüfner,et al.  Electronic structure of NiO and related 3d-transition-metal compounds , 1994 .

[362]  Zuhong Lu,et al.  Photochromic and photoelectrochemical behavior of thin semiconductor WO3 films , 1997 .

[363]  Z. A. Ibrahim,et al.  Thermal, electrical and structural properties of Li2WO4 , 1996 .

[364]  H. Hosono,et al.  Formation of electronic conducting amorphous WO3 thin films by ion implantation , 1998 .

[365]  T. Y. Liu,et al.  Some lessons learned from research on a thin film electrochromic window , 1994 .

[366]  S. Hotchandani,et al.  Electrochromic and photoelectrochemical behavior of thin WO3 films prepared from quantized colloidal particles , 1994 .

[367]  H. Hosono,et al.  Large electrical conductivity enhancement of WO3 thin films produced by ion implantation , 1998 .

[368]  A. Azens,et al.  Li intercalation in transparent Ti-Ce oxide films: Energetics and ion dynamics , 1997 .

[369]  R. Rocheleau,et al.  Electrochemical and Electrochromic Behavior of Reactively Sputtered Nickel Oxide , 1997 .

[370]  T. Richardson,et al.  Analysis of binary electrochromic tungsten oxides with effective medium theory , 1997 .

[371]  Cox,et al.  Superstructures and defect structures revealed by atomic-scale STM imaging of WO3(001). , 1995, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[372]  T. Miki,et al.  Niobium Oxide Electrochromic Thin Films Prepared by Reactive DC Magnetron Sputtering , 1995 .

[373]  A. Talledo,et al.  Electrochromic Vanadium-pentoxide- based Films: Structural, Electrochemical and Optical Properties , 1995 .

[374]  T. Jaaskelainen,et al.  OPTICS 1639 A novel approach to electrochromism in WO3 thin film using piezoelectric ceramics for power supply , 1997 .

[375]  C. Lampert.  Smart switchable glazing for solar energy and daylight control , 1998 .

[376]  F. Beck,et al.  Characterization of anodically formed polypyrrole/tungsten trioxide composites , 1993 .

[377]  R. Goldner,et al.  d-Electrons and two active thin film devices for achieving a solar energy economy , 1994 .

[378]  Gunnar A. Niklasson,et al.  Towards the smart window: progress in electrochromics , 1997 .

[379]  Bjørn Petter Jelle,et al.  Transmission spectra of an electrochromic window consisting of polyaniline, prussian blue and tungsten oxide , 1993 .

[380]  A. Azens,et al.  Progress in smart windows research: Improved electrochromic w oxide films and transparent Ti Ce oxide counter electrodes , 1996 .

[381]  Martin A. Garrett.  The LIGO Scientific Collaboration , 2010 .

[382]  J. Janak,et al.  Ground-state thermomechanical properties of some cubic elements in the local-density formalism , 1975 .

[383]  A. Gorenstein,et al.  Electrochromic nickel oxide thin films deposited under different sputtering conditions , 1996 .

[384]  Alexander M. Malyarevich,et al.  Optical transient bleaching of photochromic polytungstic acid , 1998 .

[385]  M. Pękała,et al.  Magnetic susceptibility and thermoelectric power of tungsten intermediary oxides , 1994 .

[386]  P. Hohenberg,et al.  Inhomogeneous Electron Gas , 1964 .

[387]  Hong‐Ming Lin,et al.  Catalytic properties of nanocrystalline WO 3−x , Pt/WO 3−x , and Pd/WO 3−x particles , 1995 .

[388]  B. Långström,et al.  Unexpected Yellow--Blue Electrochromism of ITO Powders at Modest Potentials in Aqueous Electrolytes. , 1998 .

[389]  Gunnar A. Niklasson,et al.  Angular selective optical properties of thin films: Measurement of polar and azimuthal transmittance , 1996 .

[390]  L. Seguin,et al.  The soft chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten oxides: a review , 1996 .

[391]  M. Whangbo,et al.  Possibility of charge density wave instability in the barium tungsten bronze Ba[sub 0. 15]WO[sub 3] , 1994 .

[392]  Gunnar A. Niklasson,et al.  Noble‐metal‐based transparent infrared reflectors: Experiments and theoretical analyses for very thin gold films , 1986 .

[393]  J. Purans,et al.  In situ XAFS study of phase transitions and hydrogen intercalation in WO3-MoO3 system , 1995 .

[394]  T. Kudo,et al.  Transitional current analysis useful for intercalation electrode/solid electrolyte systems , 1993 .

[395]  Mino Green,et al.  Non-stoichiometry in thin film dilute tungsten bronzes: MxWO3−y , 1996 .

[396]  H. Yashiro,et al.  Synthesis of pyrochlore tungsten trioxide thin film and electrochemical lithium intercalation , 1997 .

[397]  Y. Xu.  Electrochromism of NiOxH y films grown by DC sputtering , 1997 .

[398]  Giorgio Sberveglieri,et al.  WO3 sputtered thin films for NOx monitoring , 1995 .

[399]  Morio Yamamoto.  APPLICATION OF A THERMALLY EVAPORATED WO3 FILM TO A SHADOW MASK FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF MISLANDING IN COLOR CATHODE RAY TUBES , 1994 .

[400]  G. Vaivars,et al.  Antimonic acid hydrate xerogels as proton electrolytes , 1993 .

[401]  P. Wiseman,et al.  The crystal structure of cubic hydrogen tungsten bronze , 1973 .

[402]  C. Julien,et al.  Electrochemical Li+ insertion in WO3–xTiO2 mixed oxides , 1997 .

[403]  P. Monk,et al.  Chronoamperometric response of the cell ITO|HxWO3|PEO-H3PO4(MeCN)|ITO , 1995 .

[404]  M. Whittingham,et al.  Hydrothermal synthesis of electrode materials pyrochlore tungsten trioxide film , 1995 .

[405]  Zuhong Lu,et al.  All-solid-state electrochromic window of prussian blue and electrodeposited WO3 film with poly(ethylene oxide) gel electrolyte , 1998 .

[406]  W. Talen,et al.  Wet chemical preparation and characterization of electrochromic WO3 , 1998 .

[407]  P. Shen,et al.  Determination of the potential limits for WO3 colouration , 1994 .

[408]  E. Banks,et al.  Conductivity of the Sodium Tungsten Bronzes , 1951 .

[409]  J. Molenda,et al.  Electrical Properties of Nonstoichiometric WO3-y at Temperatures 77 to 300 K , 1995 .

[410]  P. Monk,et al.  Electrochromic tungsten oxide: doping with two or three other metal oxides , 1994 .

[411]  Zhaolin Liu,et al.  Electrochemical lithium intercalation into WO3 and lithium tungstates Lix WO3+x /2 of various structures , 1998 .

[412]  Bjørn Petter Jelle,et al.  Electrochemical multilayer deposition of polyaniline and Prussian Blue and their application in solid state electrochromic windows , 1998 .

[413]  Andrew G. Glen,et al.  APPL , 2001 .

[414]  R. Torresi,et al.  Inorganic oxide solid state electrochromic devices , 1994 .

[415]  P. Monk,et al.  Pulsed enhancement of the rate of coloration for tungsten trioxide based electrochromic devices , 1998 .

[416]  T. Kubo,et al.  Deposition Temperature Dependence of Optical Gap and Coloration Efficiency Spectrum in Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide Films , 1998 .

[417]  Christensen,et al.  Electronic structure of cubic sodium tungsten bronze. , 1987, Physical review. B, Condensed matter.

[418]  R. Bertoncello,et al.  High-purity WO3 sol–gel coatings: synthesis and characterization , 1994 .

[419]  Ch. Cardinaud,et al.  Etching processes of tungsten in SF6‐O2 radio‐frequency plasmas , 1991 .

[420]  Bruno Scrosati,et al.  Applications of electroactive polymers , 1993 .

[421]  F. Urbach.  The Long-Wavelength Edge of Photographic Sensitivity and of the Electronic Absorption of Solids , 1953 .

[422]  H. Minti,et al.  Electrochromic glasses prepared by the sol-gel method , 1998 .

[423]  J. Lee,et al.  Electrochromism of electrochemically codeposited composites of phosphomolybdic acid and tungsten trioxide , 1996 .

[424]  J. Tarascon,et al.  Infrared and X-ray studies of hydrogen intercalation in different tungsten trioxides and tungsten trioxide hydrates , 1997 .

[425]  K. Vedam,et al.  Hydrogen diffusion and reaction processes in thin films investigated by real time spectroscopic ellipsometry , 1993 .

[426]  V. V. Bryksin,et al.  Hopping Conduction in Solids , 1985 .

[427]  E. Salje,et al.  LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Sheet superconductivity in twin walls: experimental evidence of ? , 1998 .

[428]  E. Sichel,et al.  Electron resonance study of hydrogen-containing WO3 films , 1980 .

[429]  T. Kudo,et al.  Consideration on the potential-composition relationships observed with amorphous intercalation systems such as LixWO3 , 1996 .

[430]  Se-Hee Lee,et al.  Electrochromic behavior of NiW oxide electrodes , 1995 .

[431]  H. Konno,et al.  The photoelectrochemical response of TiO{sub 2}-WO{sub 3} mixed oxide films prepared by thermal oxidation of titanium coated with tungsten , 1996 .

[432]  J. Purans,et al.  XAFS study of short range order in the heavily disordered MoxW1−wO3 oxides , 1995 .

[433]  J. Purans,et al.  XAFS Studies of Octahedral Amorphous Oxides , 1993 .

[434]  S. C. Parker,et al.  Computer simulation of the surface structures of WO3 , 1996 .

[435]  B. Orel,et al.  Chromogenic WPA/TiO2 hybrid gels and films , 1997 .

[436]  H. Schmalle,et al.  Crystal structure of a hexagonal tin tungsten bronze prepared by a mild reaction , 1995 .

[437]  H. Matsumoto,et al.  Improvement in electrochromic stability of electrodeposited nickel hydroxide thin film , 1997 .

[438]  K. Gesheva,et al.  Sol-gel and CVD-metal oxide coatings for solar energy utilization , 1996 .

[439]  Daniel Rönnow,et al.  Spectroscopic light scattering from electrochromic tungsten‐oxide‐based films , 1996 .

[440]  Robert B. Sargent,et al.  Large area electrochromics for architectural applications , 1997 .

[441]  M. Kitao,et al.  Preparation and Electrochromic Properties of RF-Sputtered NiOx Films Prepared in Ar/O2/H2 Atmosphere , 1994 .

[442]  D. Koelling,et al.  A technique for relativistic spin-polarised calculations , 1977 .

[443]  S. Friberg,et al.  Electrochromic materials formed by the sol-gel surface doping technique , 1996 .

[444]  K. Kuwabara,et al.  Early cycling processes in a variable transparency ECD utilizing antimony hydrogen phosphate thin film electrolyte , 1993 .

[445]  C. Julien,et al.  Orthorhombic WO3Formed via a Ti-Stabilized WO3·13H2O Phase , 1998 .

[446]  Wolfgang Graf,et al.  Comparison of electrical conductivity and optical properties of substoichiometrically and electrochemically coloured WOx films of different crystallinity , 1998 .

[447]  Y. Li,et al.  Lacunar pyrochlore-type tungsten oxides as humidity-sensing materials , 1996 .

[448]  David K. Benson,et al.  The influence of microstructure on the electrochromic properties of Li_xWO_3 thin films: Part I. Ion diffusion and electrochromic properties , 1993 .

[449]  C. Natarajan,et al.  Influence of film processing temperature on the electrochromic properties of electrodeposited nickel hydroxide , 1996 .

[450]  Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin,et al.  Conversion of light to electricity by cis-X2bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(II) charge-transfer sensitizers (X = Cl-, Br-, I-, CN-, and SCN-) on nanocrystalline titanium dioxide electrodes , 1993 .

[451]  S. K. Srivastava.  Thin-film growth and characterization of indium-incorporated hexagonal tungsten bronze-In0.4WO3 , 1994 .

[452]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Electrochromic oxides: Systematics, materials, and applications to smart windows , 1994 .

[453]  C. Granqvist.  Electrochromic materials: metal oxide nanocomposites with variable optical properties , 1993 .

[454]  R. Egdell,et al.  Structure and reactivity of oxide surfaces: new perspectives from scanning tunnelling microscopy , 1998 .

[455]  C. Delmas,et al.  Lithium insertion in lacunar pyrochlore-type WO3 , 1993 .

[456]  Rita A. Zoppi e Marco-A. De Paoli.  Aplicações Tecnológicas de Polímeros Intrinsicamente Condutores: Perspectivas Atuais , 1993 .

[457]  G. Niklasson,et al.  Obliquely evaporated Cr films with large angular selectivity , 1995 .

[458]  Marvin L. Cohen,et al.  Special Points in the Brillouin Zone , 1973 .

[459]  C. E. Tracy,et al.  Monolithic, Self‐Powered Photovoltaic‐Electrochromic Coating for Windows , 1998 .

[460]  J. Baran,et al.  Fourier transform Raman study of electrochromic crystalline hydrate films WO3·1/3(H2O) , 1995 .

[461]  N. Koshida,et al.  Dual Function of Thin MoO3 and WO3 Films as Negative and Positive Resists for Focused Ion Beam Lithography , 1996 .

[462]  H. Patterson,et al.  Spectroscopic Properties of WO3 Thin Films: Polarized FT-IR/ATR, X-Ray Diffraction, and Electronic Absorption , 1994 .

[463]  Zuhong Lu,et al.  An all-solid-state electrochromic display device of prussian blue and WO3 particulate film with a PMMA gel electrolyte , 1997 .

[464]  G. Sberveglieri,et al.  Kinetics of disorder-order transition of Ti-W oxide thin-film sensors , 1996 .

[465]  Clemens Bechinger,et al.  Photoelectrochromic windows and displays , 1996, Nature.

[466]  V. Plichon,et al.  Electrochemical behavior of WO{sub 3} films in H{sub 3}PO{sub 4}/H{sub 2}O binary mixtures , 1996 .

[467]  Clemens Bechinger,et al.  Development of a new self-powered electrochromic device for light modulation without external power supply , 1998 .

[468]  P. Monk,et al.  Electro-deposition of films of electrochromic tungsten oxide containing additional metal oxides , 1993 .

[469]  M. Chigane,et al.  Electrochromic properties of nickel oxide thin films prepared by electrolysis followed by chemical deposition , 1997 .

[470]  D. Uhlmann,et al.  Site‐Saturation Model for the Optical Efficiency of Tungsten Oxide‐Based Devices , 1996 .

[471]  Guo Peifu,et al.  Study on the WO3 dry lithiation for all-solid-state electrochromic devices , 1997 .

[472]  A. Fujishima,et al.  A Raman microprobe study of the electrochromic and photochromic thin films of molybdenum trioxide and tungsten trioxide , 1994 .

[473]  B. Wilkens,et al.  Nuclear reaction analysis profiling as direct evidence for lithium ion mass transport in thin film ‘‘rocking‐chair’’ structures , 1993 .

[474]  T. Kudo,et al.  Hexagonal tungsten bronze synthesized from potassium peroxo-polytungstate and its electrical properties , 1993 .

[475]  Yoshiyuki Sato,et al.  Electrochromism in nickel oxide films prepared by plasma oxidation of nickel-carbon composite films , 1996 .

[476]  P. Kulesza,et al.  Solid state electrochemical characterization of tungsten oxides and related heteropoly‐12‐tungstic acid single crystals , 1995 .

[477]  John A. Woollam,et al.  Visible and infrared optical constants of electrochromic materials for emissivity modulation applications , 1998 .

[478]  B. P. Jelle,et al.  Dynamic light modulation in an electrochromic window consisting of polyaniline, tungsten oxide and a solid polymer electrolyte , 1993 .

[479]  Sehee Lee,et al.  Characterization of Ni–W oxide thin film electrodes , 1998 .

[480]  J. Purans,et al.  The influence of the focusing effect on the X-ray absorption fine structure above all the tungsten L edges in non-stoichiometric tungsten oxides , 1993 .

[481]  L. Hedin,et al.  A local exchange-correlation potential for the spin polarized case. i , 1972 .

[482]  K. Vedam,et al.  Effect of preparation conditions on the morphology and electrochromic properties of amorphous tungsten oxide films , 1993 .

[483]  F. Hemming,et al.  The multi-surface structure and catalytic properties of partially reduced WO3, WO2 and WC + O2 or W + O2 as characterized by XPS , 1995 .

[484]  C. Lampert.  Optical switching technology for glazings , 1993 .

[485]  J. A. Varella,et al.  Preparation and Characterization of a Dip‐Coated SnO2 Film for Transparent Electrodes for Transmissive Electrochromic Devices , 1993 .

[486]  A. Pennisi,et al.  Electrochromic device based on tungsten oxide and on Nnfion-H as polymeric electrolyte , 1993 .

[487]  Oliver Bendel.  [E] , 1896, Les noms officiels des communes de Wallonie, de Bruxelles-Capitale et de la communaute germanophone.

[488]  G. Marcì,et al.  Influence of platinum on catalytic activity of polycrystalline WO3 employed for phenol photodegradation in aqueous suspension , 1998 .

[489]  N. Sadeghi,et al.  Tungsten etching mechanisms in low‐pressure SF6 plasma , 1992 .

[490]  P. Kamat,et al.  Sonochromic Effect in WO3 Colloidal Suspensions , 1996 .

[491]  S. Cogan,et al.  Electrochromic solar attenuation in crystalline and amorphous LixWO3 , 1986 .

[492]  Boris Orel,et al.  Electrochemical and structural properties of SnO2 and Sb:SnO2 transparent electrodes with mixed electronically conductive and ion-storage characteristics , 1994, Other Conferences.

[493]  J. R. Günter,et al.  Cubic and hexagonal tin tungsten bronzes synthesized from peroxo-polytungstic acid , 1994 .

[494]  Zuhong Lu,et al.  All solid-state electrochromic window of Prussian Blue and electrodeposited WO3 film with PMMA gel electrolyte , 1998 .

[495]  Michele Penza,et al.  NOX GAS SENSING CHARACTERISTICS OF WO3 THIN FILMS ACTIVATED BY NOBLE METALS (PD, PT, AU) LAYERS , 1998 .

[496]  David K. Benson,et al.  Design goals and challenges for a photovoltaic-powered electrochromic window covering , 1995 .

[497]  C. Julien,et al.  Micro-Raman characterization of WO3 and MoO3 thin films obtained by pulsed laser irradiation , 1998 .

[498]  F. Krumeich.  Transmission electron microscopy evidence of a new tetragonal tungsten bronze superstructure , 1997 .

[499]  C. Amra.  First-order vector theory of bulk scattering in optical multilayers , 1993 .

[500]  J. Klein,et al.  Crystal Phase Effects in Electrochromic WO 3 , 1992 .

[501]  W. Mckinnon,et al.  Theory of lithium ordering in LixTiS2 , 1979 .

[502]  Enrico Masetti,et al.  A comparison of the electrochromic properties of WO3 films intercalated with H+, Li+ and Na+ , 1996 .

[503]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Ion transport in porous Sn oxide films: Cyclic voltammograms interpreted in terms of a fractal dimension , 1996 .

[504]  J. Purans,et al.  XAFS analysis of the low symmetry octahedral molybdenum and tungsten oxides , 1995 .

[505]  M. Hepel,et al.  Isotopic Effects in Cation‐Injected Electrochromic Films , 1998 .

[506]  Yuzo Shigesato,et al.  Photochromic Properties of Amorphous WO3 Films , 1991 .

[507]  Z. Hussain,et al.  Optical properties of lithium tungsten bronze thin films , 1993 .

[508]  C. Granqvist,et al.  Antireflection of sputtered heat mirror and transparent conducting coatings by metal-oxy-fluorine films , 1985 .

[509]  J. Svensson,et al.  Modulated transmittance and reflectance in crystalline electrochromic WO3 films: Theoretical limits , 1984 .

[510]  P. Millett,et al.  Tungsten/Tungsten Oxide pH Sensing Electrode for High Temperature Aqueous Environments , 1994 .

[511]  F. Beck,et al.  Anodic formation of polypyrrole/tungsten trioxide composites , 1993 .