Submillimetre sources in rich cluster fields: source counts, redshift estimates and cooling flow limits

Recent submillimetre surveys have revealed a population of dusty, high-redshift sources of great cosmological significance for understanding dust-enshrouded star formation in distant galaxies, and for determining the origin of the far-infrared background. In this paper, we analyse nine rich cluster fields mapped at 850 and 450μm with the SCUBA array on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. Lensing models of the clusters are developed in order to derive accurate source counts for our sample. VLA maps of the same clusters are used to help constrain the redshift distribution of our SCUBA detections. Implications for high-redshift galaxies and for the far-infrared background are discussed. We also provide limits on distributed dust produced by cooling flows in these clusters.

[1]  A. Fabian,et al.  Star formation in a cooling flow , 1982 .

[2]  M. L. Litvak,et al.  A Direct Test of the Cosmological Model for Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts Based on Peak Alignment Averaging , 1997 .

[3]  D. L. Clements,et al.  Constraining the radio-submillimetre redshift indicator using data from the SCUBA Local Universe Galaxy Survey , 2000 .

[4]  David Crampton,et al.  The Canada-United Kingdom Deep Submillimeter Survey. II. First Identifications, Redshifts, and Implications for Galaxy Evolution* , 1999 .

[5]  Loretta Dunne,et al.  The Canada-UK Deep Submillimeter Survey. IV. The Survey of the 14 Hour Field , 2000, astro-ph/0009154.

[6]  G. Helou,et al.  ISOCAM 15 Micron Search for Distant Infrared Galaxies Lensed by Clusters , 1999, astro-ph/9905140.

[7]  M. Donahue.  Temperature and Metallicity of a Massive X-Ray Cluster at Redshift 0.5 , 1996 .

[8]  R. Carlberg,et al.  The CNOC Cluster Redshift Survey Catalogs. VI. MS 0015.9+1609 and MS 0451.5–0305 , 1998 .

[9]  M. Harvanek,et al.  The Evolution of Cluster Radio Galaxies from z = 0 to z = 0.8 , 1999 .

[10]  I. Smail,et al.  A Deep Submillimeter Survey of Lensing Clusters: A New Window on Galaxy Formation and Evolution , 1997, astro-ph/9708135.

[11]  R. J. Ivison,et al.  Faint Submillimeter Galaxies: Hubble Space Telescope Morphologies and Colors , 1998 .

[12]  R. B. Partridge,et al.  Radio Emission from Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field , 1998, astro-ph/9803343.

[13]  F. Brighenti,et al.  FORMATION OF LOW-MASS STARS IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXY COOLING FLOWS , 1999, astro-ph/9907364.

[14]  J. Kneib,et al.  Erratum: The history of star formation in dusty galaxies , 1998, astro-ph/9806062.

[15]  D. Jewitt,et al.  A search for cold dust in clusters of galaxies with cooling flows. , 1993 .

[16]  D. Sanders,et al.  LUMINOUS INFRARED GALAXIES , 1996 .

[17]  Cambridge,et al.  Molecular Gas in the Z = 2.8 Submillimeter Galaxy SMM 02399-0136 , 1998 .

[18]  Andrew W. Blain.  Dust temperature and the submillimetre—radio flux density ratio as a redshift indicator for distant galaxies , 1999 .

[19]  C. L. Carilli,et al.  The Scatter in the Relationship between Redshift and the Radio-to-Submillimeter Spectral Index , 1999, astro-ph/9910316.

[20]  R. J. Ivison,et al.  The Identification of the Submillimeter Galaxy SMM J00266+1708 , 2000 .

[21]  M. Birkinshaw,et al.  The Sunyaev-Zel’dovich Effect , 1998, astro-ph/9808050.

[22]  Scott C. Chapman,et al.  Using SCUBA to place upper limits on arcsecond-scale cosmic microwave background anisotropies at 850 μm , 1999 .

[23]  Properties of the X-ray-brightest Abell-type clusters of galaxies (XBACs) from ROSAT All-Sky Survey data - I. The sample , 1996, astro-ph/9602080.

[24]  Hilo,et al.  Unveiling Dust-enshrouded Star Formation in the Early Universe: a Sub-mm Survey of the Hubble Deep Field , 1998, astro-ph/9806297.

[25]  C. L. Carilli,et al.  The Radio-to-Submillimeter Spectral Index as a Redshift Indicator , 1998, astro-ph/9812251.

[26]  The optically dark side of galaxy formation , 1997, Nature.

[27]  R. J. Ivison,et al.  Radio Constraints on the Identifications and Redshifts of Submillimeter Galaxies , 1999, astro-ph/9907083.

[28]  L. Cowie,et al.  Submillimetre-wavelength detection of dusty star-forming galaxies at high redshift , 1998, Nature.

[30]  Arjun Dey,et al.  Dust, Gas, and the Evolutionary Status of the Radio Galaxy 8C 1435+635 at z = 4.25 , 1997, astro-ph/9709124.

[31]  R. Peletier,et al.  The Formation of Galactic Bulges , 2004, astro-ph/0502286.

[32]  C. Bennett,et al.  The Spectrum of the Extragalactic Far-Infrared Background from the COBE FIRAS Observations , 1998, astro-ph/9803021.

[33]  E. Richards,et al.  Radio Identification of Submillimeter Sources in the Hubble Deep Field , 1998, astro-ph/9811098.

[34]  Scott C. Chapman,et al.  A Search for the submillimetre counterparts to Lyman break galaxies , 1999 .

[35]  Rob Ivison,et al.  A hyperluminous galaxy at z = 2.8 found in a deep submillimetre survey , 1997, astro-ph/9712161.

[36]  M. Norman,et al.  Formation of Galactic Bulges , 1999, astro-ph/9912563.

[37]  Jean-Paul Kneib,et al.  Deep Counts of Submillimeter Galaxies , 1998, astro-ph/9812412.

[38]  G. Luppino,et al.  The EMSS catalog of x-ray-selected clusters of galaxies. 1. An atlas of CCD images of 41 distant clusters , 1994, astro-ph/9405069.

[39]  A. Blain.  Gravitational lensing by clusters of galaxies in the millimetre/submillimetre waveband , 1997 .

[40]  T. Boller,et al.  The ROSAT/IRAS Galaxy Sample Revisited , 1998 .

[41]  A. C. Edge.  The detection of molecular gas in the central galaxies of cooling flow clusters , 2001 .

[42]  R. J. Ivison,et al.  The discovery of ERO counterparts to faint submillimetre galaxies , 1999 .

[43]  E. Hivon,et al.  Semi‐analytic modelling of galaxy evolution in the IR/submm range , 1997, astro-ph/9710340.

[44]  Cowie,et al.  Optically Faint Microjansky Radio Sources. , 1999, The Astrophysical journal.

[45]  Brian R. McNamara,et al.  Optical Structure in the Abell 1795 Cluster Central Galaxy: Evidence for Stripping and Deflection of Radio Jets , 1996 .

[46]  I. Smail,et al.  Molecular Gas in the z = 2.565 Submillimeter Galaxy SMM J14011+0252 , 1999 .

[47]  A Very Hot High-Redshift Cluster of Galaxies: More Trouble for Ω0 = 1 , 1997, astro-ph/9707010.

[48]  D. L. Clements,et al.  High spatial resolution observations of CUDSS14A: a SCUBA-selected ultraluminous galaxy at high redshift , 2000 .

[49]  D. Buote.  X‐ray evidence for multiphase hot gas with solar abundances in the brightest elliptical galaxies , 1998, astro-ph/9811080.

[50]  P. Carlson,et al.  Particle Physics and the Universe , 2001 .

[51]  J. Dunlop,et al.  High-redshift star formation in the Hubble Deep Field revealed by a submillimetre-wavelength survey , 1998, Nature.

[52]  Ian Smail,et al.  Observational limits to source confusion in the millimetre/submillimetre waveband , 1997, astro-ph/9710003.

[53]  W. V. Breugel,et al.  The Hy-Redshift Universe: Galaxy Formation and Evolution at High Redshift , 1999 .

[54]  Hilo,et al.  SCUBA: A Common - user submillimetre camera operating on the James Clerk Maxwell telescope , 1998, astro-ph/9809122.

[55]  Isabella M. Gioia,et al.  The Einstein Observatory Extended Medium-Sensitivity Survey. II - The optical identifications , 1991 .

[56]  E. L. Wright,et al.  The COBE Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment Search for the Cosmic Infrared Background. I. Limits and Detections , 1998, astro-ph/9806167.

[57]  Jean-Paul Kneib,et al.  The diversity of SCUBA-selected galaxies , 2000 .

[58]  W. Keel.  A Nearby Galaxy in the Deep-Ultraviolet: Voyager 2 Observations of M33 from Lyα to the Lyman Limit , 1998 .

[59]  D. B. Sanders,et al.  Resolving the Submillimeter Background: The 850 Micron Galaxy Counts , 1999, astro-ph/9904126.

[60]  I. Smail,et al.  Redshift Distribution of the Faint Submillimeter Galaxy Population , 1999, astro-ph/9903142.

[61]  Andrew C. Fabian.  Cooling Flows in Clusters of Galaxies , 1994 .

[62]  R. J. Ivison,et al.  The detection of dust in the central galaxies of distant cooling‐flow clusters , 1999 .

[63]  P. Andreani,et al.  The Enhancement and Decrement of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect toward the ROSAT Cluster RX J0658–5557 , 1998, astro-ph/9811093.