Raman spectroscopy of transition metal dichalcogenides

Raman spectroscopy of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is reviewed based on our recent theoretical and experimental works. First, we discuss the semi-classical and quantum mechanical description for the polarization dependence of Raman spectra of TMDs in which the optical dipole transition matrix elements as a function of laser excitation energy are important for understanding the polarization dependence of the Raman intensity and Raman tensor. Overviewing the symmetry of TMDs, we discuss the dependence of the Raman spectra of TMDs on layer thickness, polarization, laser energy and the structural phase. Furthermore, we discuss the Raman spectra of twisted bilayer and heterostructures of TMDs. Finally, we give our perspectives on the Raman spectroscopy of TMDs.

[1]  Xiaojun Wu,et al.  Ultrathin nanosheets of vanadium diselenide: a metallic two-dimensional material with ferromagnetic charge-density-wave behavior. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[2]  Raphael Tsu,et al.  Superlattice and negative differential conductivity in semiconductors , 1970 .

[3]  C. Ho,et al.  In-plane anisotropy of the optical and electrical properties of ReS2 and ReSe2 layered crystals , 2001 .

[4]  Suyeon Cho,et al.  Phase patterning for ohmic homojunction contact in MoTe2 , 2015, Science.

[5]  Suyeon Cho,et al.  Bandgap opening in few-layered monoclinic MoTe2 , 2015, Nature Physics.

[6]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Interlayer breathing and shear modes in few-trilayer MoS2 and WSe2. , 2013, Nano letters.

[7]  Riichiro Saito,et al.  Inhomogeneous optical absorption around the K point in graphite and carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[8]  Zhenxing Wang,et al.  Designing the shape evolution of SnSe2 nanosheets and their optoelectronic properties. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[9]  Hugen Yan,et al.  Anomalous lattice vibrations of single- and few-layer MoS2. , 2010, ACS nano.

[10]  H. Kim,et al.  SnSe2 nanoplate-graphene composites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. , 2011, Chemical communications.

[11]  L. Wirtz,et al.  Phonons in single-layer and few-layer MoS2 , 2011 .

[12]  F. Xia,et al.  Interlayer interactions in anisotropic atomically thin rhenium diselenide , 2015, Nano Research.

[13]  Jr-hau He,et al.  Epitaxial growth of a monolayer WSe2-MoS2 lateral p-n junction with an atomically sharp interface , 2015, Science.

[14]  S. Kawata,et al.  Anomalous lattice vibrations of monolayer MoS2 probed by ultraviolet Raman scattering. , 2015, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[15]  L. Cario,et al.  Anisotropy and temperature dependence of the first critical field in 2H–NbS2 , 2012 .

[16]  Volker Heine,et al.  Group Theory: Application to the Physics of Condensed Matter , 2008 .

[17]  Xiaodong Xu,et al.  Electronic structures and theoretical modelling of two-dimensional group-VIB transition metal dichalcogenides. , 2015, Chemical Society reviews.

[18]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Double resonance Raman modes in monolayer and few-layer MoTe2 , 2015, 1501.07078.

[19]  M. Lux‐Steiner,et al.  Optical properties of the layered transition-metal-dichalcogenide ReS2 : anisotropy in the van der Waals plane , 1993 .

[20]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy. , 2010, Nano letters.

[21]  Ado Jorio,et al.  Raman Spectroscopy in Graphene Related Systems , 2011 .

[22]  Jing Kong,et al.  Role of the seeding promoter in MoS2 growth by chemical vapor deposition. , 2014, Nano letters.

[23]  I. Ivanov,et al.  Patterned arrays of lateral heterojunctions within monolayer two-dimensional semiconductors , 2015, Nature Communications.

[24]  Arindam Ghosh,et al.  Graphene-MoS2 hybrid structures for multifunctional photoresponsive memory devices. , 2013, Nature nanotechnology.

[25]  C. Ho,et al.  Transport properties in semiconducting NbS2 nanoflakes , 2014 .

[26]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Transport Properties of a MoS2/WSe2 Heterojunction Transistor and Its Potential for Application. , 2016, Nano letters.

[27]  Gautam Gupta,et al.  Phase-engineered low-resistance contacts for ultrathin MoS2 transistors. , 2014, Nature materials.

[28]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Probing the interlayer coupling of twisted bilayer MoS2 using photoluminescence spectroscopy. , 2014, Nano letters.

[29]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Field effect transistors with current saturation and voltage gain in ultrathin ReS2. , 2015, ACS nano.

[30]  Jing Guo,et al.  Dual-gated MoS2/WSe2 van der Waals tunnel diodes and transistors. , 2015, ACS nano.

[31]  F. Guinea,et al.  Strain engineering in semiconducting two-dimensional crystals , 2015, Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal.

[32]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Studying disorder in graphite-based systems by Raman spectroscopy. , 2007, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[33]  J. Shan,et al.  Atomically thin MoS₂: a new direct-gap semiconductor. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[34]  Visualizing band offsets and edge states in bilayer–monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides lateral heterojunction , 2015, Nature communications.

[35]  J. J. Sakurai,et al.  Modern Quantum Mechanics , 1986 .

[36]  C. Ho,et al.  Optical property of the near band-edge transitions in rhenium disulfide and diselenide , 2004 .

[37]  Marco Bernardi,et al.  Extraordinary sunlight absorption and one nanometer thick photovoltaics using two-dimensional monolayer materials. , 2013, Nano letters.

[38]  Astronomy,et al.  Group theory analysis of phonons in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides , 2014, 1407.1226.

[39]  L. Wirtz,et al.  Vibrational and optical properties of MoS2: From monolayer to bulk , 2015, 1606.03017.

[40]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films , 2004, Science.

[41]  S. Louie,et al.  Evolution of interlayer coupling in twisted molybdenum disulfide bilayers , 2014, Nature Communications.

[42]  Riichiro Saito,et al.  Characterizing Graphene, Graphite, and Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy , 2010 .

[43]  Dominique Baillargeat,et al.  From Bulk to Monolayer MoS2: Evolution of Raman Scattering , 2012 .

[44]  A. R. T. Nugraha,et al.  Anisotropic Electron-Photon and Electron-Phonon Interactions in Black Phosphorus. , 2016, Nano letters.

[45]  L. Cario,et al.  Specific heat measurements of a superconducting NbS2 single crystal in an external magnetic field: Energy gap structure , 2010, 1010.5630.

[46]  Timothy C. Berkelbach,et al.  Tailoring the electronic structure in bilayer molybdenum disulfide via interlayer twist. , 2014, Nano letters.

[47]  F. M. Peeters,et al.  Anomalous Raman spectra and thickness-dependent electronic properties of WSe2 , 2013, 1303.5861.

[48]  Daniel Wolverson,et al.  Raman spectra of monolayer, few-layer, and bulk ReSe₂: an anisotropic layered semiconductor. , 2014, ACS nano.

[49]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Low-Frequency Interlayer Raman Modes to Probe Interface of Twisted Bilayer MoS2. , 2016, Nano letters.

[50]  D. Muller,et al.  Esaki Diodes in van der Waals Heterojunctions with Broken-Gap Energy Band Alignment. , 2015, Nano letters.

[51]  Qing Hua Wang,et al.  Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. , 2012, Nature nanotechnology.

[52]  SUPARNA DUTTASINHA,et al.  Van der Waals heterostructures , 2013, Nature.

[53]  F. Libisch,et al.  Photovoltaic Effect in an Electrically Tunable van der Waals Heterojunction , 2014, Nano letters.

[54]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Raman Spectroscopy in Graphene Related Systems: JORIO:RAMAN O-BK , 2011 .

[55]  D. Akinwande,et al.  Pressure-dependent optical and vibrational properties of monolayer molybdenum disulfide. , 2015, Nano letters.

[56]  Riichiro Saito,et al.  Raman spectroscopy of graphene and carbon nanotubes , 2011 .

[57]  Min Han,et al.  Two-dimensional tin selenide nanostructures for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. , 2014, ACS nano.

[58]  Aaron M. Jones,et al.  Observation of long-lived interlayer excitons in monolayer MoSe2–WSe2 heterostructures , 2014, Nature Communications.

[59]  R. Loudon,et al.  The Raman effect in crystals , 1964 .

[60]  A. Jay,et al.  The formation of superlattices in alloys of iron and aluminium , 1932 .

[61]  D. Smirnov,et al.  New First Order Raman-active Modes in Few Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides , 2014, Scientific Reports.

[62]  Linhua Hu,et al.  SnSe2 quantum dot sensitized solar cells prepared employing molecular metal chalcogenide as precursors. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[63]  Double resonance Raman spectroscopy of single-wall carbon nanotubes , 2003 .

[64]  J. Shan,et al.  Tightly bound trions in monolayer MoS2. , 2012, Nature materials.

[65]  Leroy L. Chang,et al.  New Transport Phenomenon in a Semiconductor "Superlattice" , 1974 .

[66]  H. Berger,et al.  Pseudogapped Fermi surfaces of 1T-TaS2 and 1T-TaSe2: A charge density wave effect , 2004 .

[67]  Z. Yin,et al.  Coupling and Stacking Order of ReS2 Atomic Layers Revealed by Ultralow-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy. , 2015, Nano letters.

[68]  Sefaattin Tongay,et al.  Monolayer behaviour in bulk ReS2 due to electronic and vibrational decoupling , 2014, Nature Communications.

[69]  X. Duan,et al.  Electroluminescence and Photocurrent Generation from Atomically Sharp WSe2/MoS2 Heterojunction p–n Diodes , 2014, Nano letters.

[70]  Kazuhito Tsukagoshi,et al.  Strong enhancement of Raman scattering from a bulk-inactive vibrational mode in few-layer MoTe₂. , 2014, ACS nano.

[71]  H. Wong,et al.  Electronic and optical switching of solution-phase deposited SnSe2 phase change memory material , 2011 .

[72]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides: Clusters, ribbons, sheets and more , 2015 .

[73]  Wang Yao,et al.  Lateral heterojunctions within monolayer MoSe2-WSe2 semiconductors. , 2014, Nature materials.

[74]  Wei Shi,et al.  Phonon and Raman scattering of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides from monolayer, multilayer to bulk material. , 2015, Chemical Society reviews.

[75]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Control of crystal nucleation by patterned self-assembled monolayers , 1999, Nature.

[76]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Probing phonon dispersion relations of graphite by double resonance Raman scattering. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[77]  B. Sumpter,et al.  Twisted MoSe₂ Bilayers with Variable Local Stacking and Interlayer Coupling Revealed by Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy. , 2016, ACS nano.

[78]  Ting Yu,et al.  Raman characterization of ABA- and ABC-stacked trilayer graphene. , 2011, ACS nano.

[79]  B. Sumpter,et al.  Low-Frequency Raman Fingerprints of Two-Dimensional Metal Dichalcogenide Layer Stacking Configurations. , 2015, ACS nano.

[80]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman spectra of small-diameter isolated carbon nanotubes , 2004 .

[81]  Xianfan Xu,et al.  Black phosphorus-monolayer MoS2 van der Waals heterojunction p-n diode. , 2014, ACS nano.

[82]  Manuel Cardona,et al.  Light Scattering in Solids VII , 1982 .

[83]  Jing Kong,et al.  Parallel Stitching of 2D Materials. , 2016, Advanced materials.

[84]  A. M. van der Zande,et al.  Atomically thin p-n junctions with van der Waals heterointerfaces. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[85]  Rui He,et al.  Observation of interlayer phonon modes in van der Waals heterostructures , 2014, 1410.4224.

[86]  Zhong-Li Liu,et al.  Novel high pressure structures and superconductivity of niobium disulfide , 2014, 1401.3398.

[87]  E. Reed,et al.  Structural phase transitions in two-dimensional Mo- and W-dichalcogenide monolayers , 2014, Nature Communications.

[88]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  In-Plane Optical Anisotropy of Layered Gallium Telluride. , 2016, ACS nano.

[89]  M. Calandra,et al.  Anharmonic suppression of charge density waves in 2H-NbS2 , 2012, 1210.2327.

[90]  J. Wilson,et al.  The transition metal dichalcogenides discussion and interpretation of the observed optical, electrical and structural properties , 1969 .

[91]  Determination of band alignment in the single-layer MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction , 2014, Nature communications.

[92]  Jean-Christophe Charlier,et al.  Identification of individual and few layers of WS2 using Raman Spectroscopy , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[93]  A. M. van der Zande,et al.  In-Plane Anisotropy in Mono- and Few-Layer ReS2 Probed by Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. , 2015, Nano letters.