On quality of mental health care: Is Australia getting it wrong?

Since deinstitutionalisation, parents of adults with mental disorders are increasingly utilised as a resource for their relatives’ care. This study used a general phenomenological perspective to capture people’s experiences. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with eight parents who were members of the Schizophrenia Fellowship of Southern Queensland to explore their perceptions of their psychoeducation needs. The themes that emerged included the usefulness of past experiences with psychoeducation, educational needs, barriers to accessing information and support, and other unmet carer needs, including the need for managing stress and emotional needs, recognition and inclusion of family members in decision-making, and negotiating the best care for their family member within the health care system. This study adds to an increasing body of knowledge that advocates for the greater inclusion and involvement of families in the care and treatment of their relatives. Further research into the needs of families, in particular barriers and supports in accessing information and services, is recommended.

[1]  Dennis Trewin,et al.  Year book Australia , 1979 .

[2]  R. Drake,et al.  Implementing supported employment as an evidence-based practice. , 2001, Psychiatric services.

[3]  D. Wiebe Homicide and suicide risks associated with firearms in the home: a national case-control study. , 2003, Annals of emergency medicine.

[4]  D. Fergusson,et al.  Factors protecting against the development of adjustment difficulties in young adults exposed to childhood sexual abuse. , 1997, Child abuse & neglect.

[5]  Debbie Lim,et al.  Lost productivity among full-time workers with mental disorders. , 2000, The journal of mental health policy and economics.

[6]  M. Windle,et al.  Physical and sexual abuse and associated mental disorders among alcoholic inpatients. , 1995, The American journal of psychiatry.

[7]  M. Durie The health of indigenous peoples , 2003, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[8]  Patel Sp,et al.  Suicide among immigrants from the Indian subcontinent: a review. , 1996 .

[9]  E. Hishinuma,et al.  Cultural identification and attempted suicide in Native Hawaiian adolescents. , 2000, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[10]  J. L. Morrison Perpetrator suicide following incest reporting: two case studies. , 1988, Child abuse & neglect.

[11]  K. Kora,et al.  Self-Mutilating Behavior of Sexually Abused Female Adults in Turkey , 1998 .

[12]  M. Rosenbaum,et al.  The role of depression in couples involved in murder-suicide and homicide. , 1990, The American journal of psychiatry.

[13]  P. Sullivan,et al.  The significance of a history of childhood sexual abuse in bulimia nervosa. , 1996, The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science.

[14]  R. N. Propst,et al.  The Fountain House model of psychiatric rehabilitation. , 1982 .

[15]  M. Bell,et al.  A behavioral intervention to improve work performance in schizophrenia: Work behavior inventory feedback , 2003 .

[16]  N. Andreasen Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) 1982 , 2007 .

[17]  R. Drake,et al.  The New Hampshire study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness. , 1996, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[18]  C. Robinson Understanding iterative homelessness: The case of people with mental disorders. Final Report No 45 , 2003 .

[19]  J. Sprague,et al.  PARENTING IN BLACK AND WHITE FAMILIES , 1999 .

[20]  B. Sitaraman Law as Ideology: Women, Courts and ‘Dowry Deaths’ in India , 1999 .

[21]  S. Wessely,et al.  Suicide acceptability in African- and white Americans: the role of religion. , 1998, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[22]  S. Broadhurst,et al.  Supported education: A clubhouse experience. , 1992 .

[23]  H. Whiteford,et al.  The strength of self-reported course of illness in predicting vocational recovery for persons with schizophrenia , 2003 .

[24]  J. Strauss,et al.  The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, II: Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. , 1987, The American journal of psychiatry.

[25]  Z. Kupper,et al.  Patient dynamics in early stages of vocational rehabilitation: a pilot study. , 1996, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[26]  M. Khan,et al.  The pattern of suicide in Pakistan. , 2000, Crisis.

[27]  Patricia J. Mrazek,et al.  Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. , 1994 .

[28]  Ralph Lewis Should cognitive deficit be a diagnostic criterion for schizophrenia? , 2004, Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN.

[29]  G. Bond,et al.  Accelerating entry into supported employment for persons with severe psychiatric disabilities. , 1995 .

[30]  S. Salzinger,et al.  Adolescent physical abuse and suicide attempts. , 1997, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[31]  C. S. Tang Adolescent abuse in Hong Kong Chinese families. , 1996, Child abuse & neglect.

[32]  G. Simon,et al.  Course of depression, health services costs, and work productivity in an international primary care study. , 2002, General Hospital Psychiatry.

[33]  L J Horwood,et al.  Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: II. Psychiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse. , 1996, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[34]  D. Bybee,et al.  Supported education for individuals with psychiatric disabilities: Long-term outcomes from an experimental study , 1999 .

[35]  B. Wojtyniak,et al.  Epidemiology and cause of deaths among women in rural Bangladesh. , 1989, International journal of epidemiology.

[36]  S. Canetto,et al.  Women and suicidal behavior , 1995 .

[37]  Triage model for suicidal runaways. , 1991, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[38]  J. Copeland,et al.  Suicidal behavior in a young offender population. , 2003, Crisis.

[39]  D. Chant,et al.  Work-Related Subjective Experiences Among Community Residents with Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder , 2005 .

[40]  S. Ullman,et al.  Sexual assault history and suicidal behavior in a national sample of women. , 2002, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[41]  C. Mowbray,et al.  Higher Education and Rehabilitation for People with Psychiatric Disabilities , 1999 .

[42]  A. Roy Relationship of childhood trauma to age of first suicide attempt and number of attempts in substance dependent patients , 2004, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[43]  E. Bass,et al.  The Battering Syndrome: Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Domestic Violence in Primary Care Internal Medicine Practices , 1995, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[44]  R. Kosky,et al.  Early intervention in the mental health of young people: a literature review , 2000 .

[45]  R. Drake,et al.  Job Tenure among Persons with Severe Mental Illness. , 1997 .

[46]  D. Bhugra,et al.  Perceived causes of suicide attempts by U.K. South Asian women. , 2003, The American journal of orthopsychiatry.

[47]  P. Goering,et al.  The relationship between the working alliance and rehabilitation outcomes of schizophrenia. , 1994 .

[48]  C. McKay,et al.  A retrospective study of clubhouse-based transitional employment. , 2001, Psychiatric rehabilitation journal.

[49]  M. Hodes,et al.  Health needs of asylum seekers and refugees , 2001, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[50]  Sarah Stewart Suicidality, interpersonal trauma and cultural diversity: a review of the literature , 2005 .

[51]  P. Czobor,et al.  The multidimensional scale of independent functioning: a new instrument for measuring functional disability in psychiatric populations. , 2003, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[52]  R. Drake,et al.  A process analysis of integrated and non-integrated approaches to supported employment , 2003 .

[53]  Sussie Eshun Sociocultural determinants of suicide ideation: a comparison between American and Ghanaian college samples. , 2003, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[54]  J. Pirkis,et al.  MENTAL HEALTH LITERACY: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE , 2007 .

[55]  M. Hogan,et al.  Normal housing: A key element of a supported housing approach for people with psychiatric disabilities , 1992, Community Mental Health Journal.

[56]  A. Honey The impact of mental illness on employment: consumers' perspectives. , 2003, Work.

[57]  S. Silverstein,et al.  Cognitive Deficits and Psychiatric Rehabilitation Outcomes in Schizophrenia , 2004, Psychiatric Quarterly.

[58]  Patricia L. Easteal Homicide-suicides between adult sexual intimates: an Australian study. , 1994, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[59]  H. Whiteford,et al.  Ten years of mental health service reform in Australia: are we getting it right? , 2005, The Medical journal of Australia.

[60]  R. Perkins,et al.  What 'getting better' means to staff and users of a rehabilitation service: An exploratory study , 2002 .

[61]  The Working Alliance Inventory: modification and use with people with serious mental illnesses in a vocational rehabilitation program. , 2004, Psychiatric rehabilitation journal.

[62]  L. Mehlum,et al.  Is there a specific relationship between childhood sexual and physical abuse and repeated suicidal behavior? , 2004, Child abuse & neglect.

[63]  M. Salyers,et al.  How Evidence-Based Practices Contribute to Community Integration , 2004, Community Mental Health Journal.

[64]  S. Keith,et al.  A critical review of research on psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia , 1999, Biological Psychiatry.

[65]  P. Corrigan Correlates of Participation and Completion in a Job Club for Clients with Psychiatric Disability. , 1995 .

[66]  E. Kliewer,et al.  Convergence of immigrant suicide rates to those in the destination country. , 1988, American journal of epidemiology.

[67]  C. Cantor,et al.  The Epidemiology of Suicide and Attempted Suicide among Young Australians , 2000, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[68]  W T Carpenter,et al.  The Prediction of Outcome in Schizophrenia IV: Eleven‐Year Follow‐Up of the Washington IPSS Cohort , 1991, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[69]  M. Wiederman,et al.  History of Trauma and Attempted Suicide Among Women in a Primary Care Setting , 1998, Violence and Victims.

[70]  A. Taft,et al.  Promoting women's mental heatlh : the challenges of intimate/domestic violence against women. , 2003 .

[71]  D. Ranson,et al.  Homicide-suicide in Victoria, Australia. , 1997, The American journal of forensic medicine and pathology.

[72]  I. D. Rutman How psychiatric disability expresses itself as a barrier to employment. , 1994 .

[73]  Denise Caltaux Internalized stigma: a barrier to employment for people with mental illness , 2003 .

[74]  R. Diekstra,et al.  On the nature, magnitude, and causality of suicidal behaviors: an international perspective. , 1995, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[75]  R. Kessler,et al.  The Effects of Chronic Medical Conditions on Work Loss and Work Cutback , 2001, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[76]  R. Drake,et al.  Does competitive employment improve nonvocational outcomes for people with severe mental illness? , 2001, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[77]  R. Drake,et al.  The durability of supported employment effects. , 1998 .

[78]  H. Tsang,et al.  Predictors of Employment Outcome for People with Psychiatric Disabilities: A Review of the Literature since the Mid '80S , 2000 .

[79]  L. Dixon,et al.  Cognitive correlates of job tenure among patients with severe mental illness. , 2002, The American journal of psychiatry.

[80]  J. Weisz,et al.  How to feel better when it feels bad: Children's perspectives on coping with everyday stress , 1988 .

[81]  G. Parker,et al.  Implications of childhood trauma for depressed women: an analysis of pathways from childhood sexual abuse to deliberate self-harm and revictimization. , 2004, The American journal of psychiatry.

[82]  S. Stepakoff Effects of sexual victimization on suicidal ideation and behavior in U.S. college women. , 1998, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[83]  D. Mechanic,et al.  Employing Persons With Serious Mental Illness Workers with mental illness, even serious disorders, have occupational profiles similar to those of persons without mental illness. , 2002 .

[84]  H. Myers,et al.  Correlates of suicidal behaviors among Asian American outpatient youths. , 2002, Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology.

[85]  L. Brockington,et al.  Suicide in women. , 2001, International clinical psychopharmacology.

[86]  K. Andriolo Gender and the cultural construction of good and bad suicides. , 1998, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[87]  Patrick W. Corrigan,et al.  Motivational Interviews as Goal Assessment for Persons with Psychiatric Disability , 2001, Community Mental Health Journal.

[88]  R. Drake,et al.  The Hartford study of supported employment for persons with severe mental illness. , 2004, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[89]  M. Bird Health and indigenous people: recommendations for the next generation. , 2002, American journal of public health.

[90]  J. Brooks-Gunn,et al.  A psychological perspective on the development of caring in children and youth: the role of the family , 1995 .

[91]  J. Davidson,et al.  The association of sexual assault and attempted suicide within the community. , 1996, Archives of general psychiatry.

[92]  R. Rosenheck,et al.  An exploratory analysis of correlates of recovery. , 2004, Psychiatric services.

[93]  D. Lester,et al.  The suicide rate by each method in Japan: A test of Durkheim's theory of suicide , 1998 .

[94]  F. Winkel,et al.  Direct and vicarious victimization at school and at home as risk factors for suicidal cognition among Italian adolescents. , 2003, Journal of adolescence.

[95]  E. Mościcki Epidemiology of Suicide , 1995, International Psychogeriatrics.

[96]  C. Lloyd,et al.  The employment of people with mental illness , 2005 .

[97]  P. Caputi,et al.  The Experience of Recovery from Schizophrenia: Towards an Empirically Validated Stage Model , 2003, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[98]  E. Stark,et al.  Killing the Beast within: Woman Battering and Female Suicidality , 1995, International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation.

[99]  D. Fergusson,et al.  Risk factors and life processes associated with the onset of suicidal behaviour during adolescence and early adulthood , 2000, Psychological Medicine.

[100]  L. Meng Rebellion and revenge: the meaning of suicide of women in rural China , 2002 .

[101]  J. McKellar,et al.  Patient satisfaction and acceptability of long-term treatment with quetiapine. , 1999, International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice.

[102]  J. Copeland,et al.  Child sexual abuse as a predictor of psychiatric co-morbidity and its implications for drug and alcohol treatment. , 1997, Drug and alcohol dependence.

[103]  J. Difede,et al.  Posttraumatic stress disorder, self- and interpersonal dysfunction among sexually retraumatized women. , 1997, Journal of traumatic stress.

[104]  J. Repper,et al.  Employment, social inclusion and mental health. , 2000, Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing.

[105]  H. MacMillan,et al.  Aboriginal health. , 1996, CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne.

[106]  T. McGlashan,et al.  The Varied Outcomes of Schizophrenia , 1997, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[107]  L. Roeger,et al.  Sexual abuse and suicidality: gender differences in a large community sample of adolescents. , 2004, Child abuse & neglect.

[108]  N. Garnefski,et al.  Sexual abuse and adolescent maladjustment: differences between male and female victims. , 1998, Journal of adolescence.

[109]  F. Bolitho,et al.  Sexual assault in school, mental health and suicidal behaviors in adolescent women in Canada. , 1997, Adolescence.

[110]  R. Owen,et al.  Priorities of consumers, providers, and family members in the treatment of schizophrenia. , 2002, Psychiatric services.

[111]  D J Conti,et al.  The economic impact of depression in a workplace. , 1994, Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association.

[112]  W. Eaton,et al.  Ten‐year course of schizophrenia—the Madras longitudinal study , 1994, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[113]  V. Pollock,et al.  The Long-Term Sequelae of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Women: A Meta-Analytic Review , 1996 .

[114]  M M Khan,et al.  Gender differences in nonfatal suicidal behavior in Pakistan: significance of sociocultural factors. , 1998, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[115]  W. Beardslee,et al.  Children of affectively ill parents: a review of the past 10 years. , 1998, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[116]  W. Nilsen,et al.  The Association Between Suicidal Ideation and Childhood and Adult Victimization , 2003, Journal of child sexual abuse.

[117]  J. Morse Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analysing talk, text and interaction , 1996 .

[118]  W. Wolfensberger,et al.  A brief overview of Social Role Valorization. , 2000, Mental retardation.

[119]  C. Runyan,et al.  Suicide among North Carolina women, 1989–93: information from two data sources , 2003, Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention.

[120]  H. Whiteford Intersectoral policy reform is critical to the National Mental Health Strategy. , 2010, Australian journal of public health.

[121]  M. Bell,et al.  Work rehabilitation in schizophrenia: does cognitive impairment limit improvement? , 2001, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[122]  Z. Kupper,et al.  Course patterns of psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia patients attending a vocational rehabilitation program. , 2000, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[123]  D. Brent,et al.  Age- and sex-related risk factors for adolescent suicide. , 1999, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[124]  G. Andrews,et al.  The mental health of Australians , 1999 .

[125]  J. Marengo,et al.  Classifying the courses of schizophrenia. , 1994, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[126]  C. Tatz Aboriginal Suicide is Different : Aboriginal Youth Suicide in New South Wales, The Australian Capital Territory and New Zealand: Towards a Model of Explanation and Alleviation , 1999 .

[127]  L. Range,et al.  Childhood sexual abuse and current suicidality in college women and men. , 1995, Child abuse & neglect.

[128]  R. Plutchik,et al.  Parental loss and family violence as correlates of suicide and violence risk. , 1995, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[129]  C. Pritchard,et al.  Suicide in the People's Republic of China categorized by age and gender: evidence of the influence of culture on suicide , 1996, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[130]  S. Smorodinsky,et al.  Violent death among intimate partners: a comparison of homicide and homicide followed by suicide in California. , 2001, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[131]  J. Burr,et al.  Cultural stereotypes of women from South Asian communities: mental health care professionals' explanations for patterns of suicide and depression. , 2002, Social science & medicine.

[132]  KirshBonnie Influences on the Process of Work Integration: The Consumer Perspective , 1996 .

[133]  T. Maniam,et al.  Ethnicity and Suicidal Behaviour in Malaysia: A Review of the Literature , 2001 .

[134]  P. Duberstein,et al.  Domestic violence, separation, and suicide in young men with early onset alcoholism: reanalyses of Murphy's data. , 2000, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[135]  J. Coid,et al.  Abusive experiences and psychiatric morbidity in women primary care attenders , 2003, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[136]  R. Kessler,et al.  Prevalence of and risk factors for lifetime suicide attempts in the National Comorbidity Survey. , 1999, Archives of general psychiatry.

[137]  David Pilgrim,et al.  Mental Health Policy in Britain , 2001 .

[138]  D. Counts Female suicide and wife abuse: a cross-cultural perspective. , 1987, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[139]  S. Canetto,et al.  She Died for Love and He for Glory: Gender Myths of Suicidal Behavior , 1993 .

[140]  W. Anthony Characteristics of people with psychiatric disabilities that are predictive of entry into the rehabilitation process and successful employment. , 1994 .

[141]  D. Bybee,et al.  Follow-up client satisfaction in a supported education program. , 2001, Psychiatric rehabilitation journal.

[142]  L. Wichstrøm Predictors of adolescent suicide attempts: a nationally representative longitudinal study of Norwegian adolescents. , 2000, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[143]  L. Kok Race, religion and female suicide attempters in Singapore , 1988, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.

[144]  A. Lehman Vocational rehabilitation in schizophrenia. , 1995, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[145]  F. Deane,et al.  Housing Needs of Consumers of Mental Health Services in Rural New South Wales, Australia , 2000, The International journal of social psychiatry.

[146]  M. Bell,et al.  INITIAL AND FINAL WORK PERFORMANCE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA:: COGNITIVE AND SYMPTOM PREDICTORS , 2003, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[147]  D. Levinson Family violence in cross-cultural perspective , 1990 .

[148]  G. Herbison,et al.  Childhood Sexual Abuse and Mental Health in Adult Life , 1993, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[149]  C. Runyan,et al.  Partner Homicide-Suicide Involving Female Homicide Victims: A Population- Based Study in North Carolina, 1988–1992 , 1998, Violence and Victims.

[150]  Beverley Lloyd,et al.  Indicators to help with capacity building in health promotion , 2000 .

[151]  Peter Somerville,et al.  Homelessness and the Meaning of Home: Rooflessness or Rootlessness? , 1992 .

[152]  J. Rogers Work is key to recovery. , 1995 .

[153]  Ernst R Berndt,et al.  Unemployment, job retention, and productivity loss among employees with depression. , 2004, Psychiatric services.

[154]  R. Perkins,et al.  Work and employment for people with psychiatric disabilities. , 2003, The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science.

[155]  A. Kaushik,et al.  A case‐control study of the sequelae of childhood sexual assault in adult psychiatric patients , 1994, The Medical journal of Australia.

[156]  J. Briere Child Abuse Trauma: Theory and Treatment of the Lasting Effects , 1992 .

[157]  D. Leo Why are we not getting any closer to preventing suicide , 2002 .

[158]  Z. Kupper,et al.  Predicting schizophrenic outpatients' behavior by symptomatology and social skills. , 1998, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[159]  L. Mccloskey,et al.  Psychosocial problems in refugee children exposed to war. , 1996, Pediatrics.

[160]  Michelle P. Salyers,et al.  A prospective analysis of work in schizophrenia. , 2001, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[161]  S. Loue,et al.  Intimate Partner Violence among Immigrants , 1998 .

[162]  J Lellouch,et al.  Prevalence of suicide ideation and suicide attempts in nine countries , 1999, Psychological Medicine.

[163]  A. Alem,et al.  Suicide attempts among adults in Butajira, Ethiopia , 1999, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[164]  D. Jeste,et al.  Perceptions of Problems and Needs for Service Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Outpatients with Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders , 2002, Community Mental Health Journal.

[165]  D. Gunnell,et al.  Prevention of suicide: aspirations and evidence , 1994, BMJ.

[166]  G. Clarke,et al.  The Khmer Adolescent Project: III. A study of trauma from Thailand's Site II refugee camp. , 1996, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[167]  D. Shaffer,et al.  Sexual orientation in adolescents who commit suicide. , 1995, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[168]  A. Claxton,et al.  Absenteeism among employees treated for depression. , 1999, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[169]  Suicide and suicide attempts in the lesbian and gay community. , 1995, The Australian and New Zealand journal of mental health nursing.

[170]  S. McGurk,et al.  Cognitive Functioning and Employment in Severe Mental Illness , 2003, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[171]  D. Kavanagh,et al.  Demographic and clinical correlates of comorbid substance use disorders in psychosis: multivariate analyses from an epidemiological sample , 2004, Schizophrenia Research.

[172]  L. Morrow,et al.  Mental health and work: issues and perspectives , 2002 .

[173]  C. Gatsonis,et al.  Suicidal behaviors and childhood-onset depressive disorders: a longitudinal investigation. , 1993, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[174]  Sonia Johnson,et al.  Schizophrenia and employment - a review. , 2004, Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology.

[175]  M. Eşkin Gender and Cultural Differences in the 12-Month Prevalence of Suicidal Thoughts and Attempts in Swedish and Turkish Adolescents , 1999 .

[176]  C. Mathers,et al.  The Australian Burden of Disease Study: measuring the loss of health from diseases, injuries and risk factors , 2000, The Medical journal of Australia.

[177]  P. Deegan Recovery as a journey of the heart. , 1996 .

[178]  L. Abramson,et al.  Childhood maltreatment and college students' current suicidal ideation: a test of the hopelessness theory. , 2001, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[179]  M. Thompson,et al.  Ratings of family functioning of suicidal and nonsuicidal African American women. , 2000, Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

[180]  S. Lowenstein,et al.  Domestic violence against women. Incidence and prevalence in an emergency department population. , 1995, JAMA.

[181]  G. Bond Principles of the Individual Placement and Support model: Empirical support. , 1998 .

[182]  D. Wasserman,et al.  Contacts of suicide attempters with GPs prior to the event: a comparison between Stockholm and Bern , 1997, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[183]  E. Hunter,et al.  Indigenous suicide in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States. , 2002, Emergency medicine.

[184]  L. Dixon,et al.  Correlates of long-term unemployment among inner-city adults with serious and persistent mental illness. , 2001, Psychiatric services.

[185]  C. Falicov Culture, society and gender in depression , 2003 .

[186]  C. Glazebrook,et al.  Predicting the long-term outcome of schizophrenia , 1996, Psychological Medicine.

[187]  H. Whiteford,et al.  Specialised Supported Education for Australians with Psychotic Disorders , 2004 .

[188]  R. Drake,et al.  Job preferences of people with severe mental illness: A replication. , 1998 .

[189]  S. Fekete,et al.  Life Events and Psychopathology in a Group of Suicide Attempters , 2004, Psychopathology.

[190]  D. Sklar,et al.  Guns, alcohol, and intimate partner violence: the epidemiology of female suicide in New Mexico. , 1999, Crisis.

[191]  M. Helweg-Larsen,et al.  Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adult Danes , 2000, Scandinavian journal of public health.

[192]  G. Waghorn,et al.  Disclosure of Psychiatric Disabilities in Vocational Rehabilitation , 2002, The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling.

[193]  M. Bell,et al.  Pay as an incentive in work participation by patients with severe mental illness. , 1993, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[194]  Herbert Y Meltzer,et al.  The role of cognition in vocational functioning in schizophrenia , 2000, Schizophrenia Research.

[195]  A. Leonard,et al.  The comorbidity of post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidality in Vietnam veterans. , 1994, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[196]  H. Whiteford,et al.  Australia's National Mental Health Strategy. , 2002, The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science.

[197]  Amy R. Friedman Rape and Domestic Violence , 1992 .

[198]  Tsun-yin Luo Sexual abuse trauma among Chinese survivors , 1998 .

[199]  D G Carroll,et al.  Vocational rehabilitation. , 1968, Maryland state medical journal.

[200]  R. Goldney A global view of suicidal behaviour. , 2002, Emergency medicine.

[201]  D. Heimbach,et al.  Love burns: An essay about bride burning in India. , 2004, The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation.

[202]  B. Richie,et al.  Abuse histories among newly incarcerated women in a New York City jail. , 1996, Journal of the American Medical Women's Association.

[203]  Michael F. Green,et al.  What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? , 1996, The American journal of psychiatry.

[204]  G. Patton,et al.  Preventive Interventions for Youth Suicide: A Risk Factor-Based Approach∗ , 2000, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[205]  C. Glazebrook,et al.  Characteristics of Outcome in Schizophrenia at 13 Years , 1995, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[206]  V. Şar,et al.  Suicide attempt and self‐mutilation among Turkish high school students in relation with abuse, neglect and dissociation , 2003, Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences.

[207]  D R Becker,et al.  Job preferences of clients with severe psychiatric disorders participating in supported employment programs. , 1996, Psychiatric services.

[208]  C. Rapp,et al.  Practices differentiating high-performing from low-performing supported employment programs. , 2003, Psychiatric rehabilitation journal.

[209]  M. Laird,et al.  Evaluation of a transitional employment program. , 1991 .

[210]  B. Brismar,et al.  Suicide attempts by battered wives , 1991, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[211]  M. Åsberg,et al.  Suicidal Behavior After Severe Trauma. Part 1: PTSD Diagnoses, Psychiatric Comorbidity, and Assessments of Suicidal Behavior , 1998, Journal of traumatic stress.

[212]  P. Burton,et al.  Western Australian Child Health Survey: Developing Health and Well-being in the Nineties , 1995 .

[213]  G. Martin,et al.  Sexual abuse and suicidal issues in Australian young people. An interim report. , 1999, Australian family physician.

[214]  N. Rüsch,et al.  Does social cognition influence the relation between neurocognitive deficits and vocational functioning in schizophrenia? , 2004, Psychiatry Research.

[215]  G. Bond,et al.  The work project survey: Consumer perspectives on work , 2003 .

[216]  T. Bullman,et al.  The risk of suicide among wounded Vietnam veterans. , 1996, American journal of public health.

[217]  K. Mueser,et al.  The role of work in the recovery of persons with psychiatric disabilities. , 2002, Psychiatric rehabilitation journal.

[218]  B. Kirsh,et al.  Work, Workers, and Workplaces: A Qualitative Analysis of Narratives of Mental Health Consumers , 2000 .

[219]  L. Dixon,et al.  Improving employment outcomes for persons with severe mental illnesses. , 2002, Archives of general psychiatry.

[220]  V. Pearson,et al.  A Conceptual Framework for Work-Related Social Skills in Psychiatric Rehabilitation , 1996 .

[221]  R. Spillane The myth of mental illness revisited: Australian managers’ attitudes to mental illness , 1997 .

[222]  J. Korbin Cross-cultural perspectives and research directions for the 21st century. , 1991, Child abuse & neglect.

[223]  D. Pilgrim The social organisation of mental illness , 1994 .

[224]  K. Ahmad Pakistan unveils wide-ranging changes to human-rights procedures , 2000, The Lancet.

[225]  L Blankertz,et al.  Adding a vocational focus to mental health rehabilitation. , 1996, Psychiatric services.

[226]  R. Liberman,et al.  Operational criteria and factors related to recovery from schizophrenia , 2002 .

[227]  R. Drake,et al.  Work and nonvocational domains of functioning in persons with severe mental illness: a longitudinal analysis. , 1997, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[228]  M. Green,et al.  Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: is it time yet? , 1993, The American journal of psychiatry.

[229]  R. Drake,et al.  Research on the Individual Placement and Support Model of Supported Employment , 2004, Psychiatric Quarterly.

[230]  C. Tang Childhood experience of sexual abuse among Hong Kong Chinese college students. , 2002, Child abuse & neglect.

[231]  S. Azar,et al.  The Evaluation of Parental Fitness in Termination of Parental Rights Cases: A Functional-Contextual Perspective , 1998, Clinical child and family psychology review.

[232]  E. S. Rogers,et al.  Prediction of Vocational Outcome Based on Clinical and Demographic Indicators Among Vocationally Ready Clients , 1997, Community Mental Health Journal.

[233]  T. Harpham,et al.  Investing in mental health research and development. , 1998, The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science.

[234]  L. Bierut,et al.  Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin–control study , 2000, Psychological Medicine.

[235]  R. Drake,et al.  The History of Community Mental Health Treatment and Rehabilitation for Persons with Severe Mental Illness , 2003, Community Mental Health Journal.

[236]  E. Goffman Stigma; Notes On The Management Of Spoiled Identity , 1964 .

[237]  B. Anderson,et al.  Psychiatric morbidity in adult inpatients with childhood histories of sexual and physical abuse. , 1991, The American journal of psychiatry.

[238]  Anselm L. Strauss,et al.  Basics of qualitative research : techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory , 1998 .

[239]  U. Åsgård A psychiatric study of suicide among urban Swedish women , 1990, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[240]  D. Nandi,et al.  THE VULNERABILITY OF INDIAN WOMEN TO SUICIDE A FIELD-STUDY , 1990, Indian journal of psychiatry.

[241]  D. Cicchetti,et al.  Maternal depressive disorder and contextual risk: Contributions to the development of attachment insecurity and behavior problems in toddlerhood , 1998, Development and Psychopathology.

[242]  H. Berman Stories of growing up amid violence by refugee children of war and children of battered women living in Canada. , 1999, Image--the journal of nursing scholarship.

[243]  P. Nisbet,et al.  Protective factors for suicidal black females. , 1996, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[244]  W. Vega,et al.  Intimate Partner Violence and Health: Self-Assessed Health, Chronic Health, and Somatic Symptoms Among Mexican American Women , 2001, Psychosomatic medicine.

[245]  G. Krantz,et al.  Violence against women: a global public health issue! , 2002, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[246]  D Finkelhor,et al.  Impact of child sexual abuse: a review of the research. , 1986, Psychological bulletin.

[247]  R. Kessler,et al.  Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. , 1994, Archives of general psychiatry.

[248]  M. Bell,et al.  Clinical benefits of paid work activity in schizophrenia. , 1996, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[249]  E. Campbell,et al.  Post-traumatic stress disorder in female survivors of rape attending a genitourinary medicine clinic: a pilot study , 1999, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[250]  S. Keith,et al.  The psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia: an update. , 2001, The American journal of psychiatry.

[251]  D. Chapman,et al.  Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. , 2001, JAMA.

[252]  M. Khan Suicide on the Indian subcontinent. , 2000, Crisis.

[253]  G. Andrews,et al.  15. Treatmets that workin anxiety disorders , 1998, The Medical journal of Australia.

[254]  R. Gallop,et al.  Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse and Adult Self-Harm and Suicidal Behaviour: A Literature Review , 1998, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[255]  Jacquelyn C. Campbell,et al.  Domestic violence across generations: findings from northern India. , 2002, International journal of epidemiology.

[256]  G. Andrews,et al.  Australia's Mental Health: An Overview of the General Population Survey* , 2000, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[257]  S. Banks,et al.  Evaluation of an Individual Placement and Support model (IPS) program. , 2004, Psychiatric rehabilitation journal.

[258]  J. Strauss,et al.  The course of psychiatric disorder, III: Longitudinal principles. , 1985, The American journal of psychiatry.

[259]  H. Whiteford,et al.  Clinical and non-clinical predictors of vocational recovery for Australians with psychotic disorders , 2002 .

[260]  M. Ainsworth,et al.  ON THE SHAPING OF ATTACHMENT THEORY AND RESEARCH: AN INTERVIEW WITH MARY D. S. AINSWORTH (FALL 1994) , 1995 .

[261]  Carol J. Van Dongen,et al.  Quality of life and self-esteem in working and nonworking persons with mental illness , 1996 .

[262]  D. Beswick Trends in Australian higher education research: A general review , 1987 .

[263]  H. Whiteford,et al.  Delineating disability, labour force participation and employment restrictions among persons with psychosis , 2004, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[264]  I. Wasserman,et al.  The Effect of Religion on Suicide Ideology: An Analysis of the Networks Perspective , 1992 .

[265]  B. O'toole,et al.  Suicide risk following child sexual abuse. , 2001, Ambulatory pediatrics : the official journal of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association.

[266]  Gary R Bond,et al.  Supported employment: evidence for an evidence-based practice. , 2004, Psychiatric rehabilitation journal.

[267]  A. Beautrais,et al.  Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? , 1999, Archives of general psychiatry.

[268]  A. Sourander,et al.  Suicidal ideation and behavior in children's homes , 2003, Nordic journal of psychiatry.

[269]  R. Catalano,et al.  Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. , 1992, Psychological bulletin.

[270]  Fran Baum,et al.  The New Public Health , 1998 .

[271]  R. Robin,et al.  Intimate violence in a southwestern American Indian tribal community. , 1998, Cultural diversity and mental health.

[272]  L. Range,et al.  Type and severity of child abuse and college students' lifetime suicidality. , 1997, Child abuse & neglect.

[273]  Cathaleene Macias,et al.  The ICCD benchmarks for clubhouses: a practical approach to quality improvement in psychiatric rehabilitation. , 2001, Psychiatric services.

[274]  R. Fischbach,et al.  Domestic violence and mental health: correlates and conundrums within and across cultures. , 1997, Social science & medicine.

[275]  R. King,et al.  Australian trends in vocational rehabilitation for psychiatric disability , 1999 .

[276]  J. Sundquist,et al.  Attempted suicide among Swedish-born people and foreign-born migrants , 1999 .

[277]  H. Whiteford,et al.  Disability, Employment and Work Performance Among People with ICD-10 Anxiety Disorders , 2005, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[278]  S. McGurk,et al.  Cognitive and symptom predictors of work outcomes for clients with schizophrenia in supported employment. , 2003, Psychiatric services.

[279]  E. Long,et al.  Combating stigma through work for the mentally restored. , 1983, Hospital & community psychiatry.

[280]  N. Farberow,et al.  Combat Experience and Postservice Psychosocial Status as Predictors of Suicide in Vietnam Veterans , 1990, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[281]  T. Weaver,et al.  Patterns of self-harm and attempted suicide among white and black/mixed race female prisoners. , 2003, Criminal behaviour and mental health : CBMH.

[282]  A. Honey Psychiatric vocational rehabilitation: Where are the customers' views? , 2000 .

[283]  W. Anthony,et al.  Predicting the vocational capacity of the chronically mentally ill. Research and policy implications. , 1984, The American psychologist.

[284]  B. Crabtree,et al.  A qualitative approach to primary care research: the long interview. , 1991, Family medicine.

[285]  Judith Cohen,et al.  The Importance of Culture in Treating Abused and Neglected Children: An Empirical Review , 2001, Child maltreatment.

[286]  H. Belfrage,et al.  Characteristics of spousal homicide perpetrators: a study of all cases of spousal homicide in Sweden 1990-1999. , 2004, Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health.

[287]  R. Drake,et al.  Requirements for multidisciplinary teamwork in psychiatric rehabilitation. , 2001, Psychiatric services.

[288]  P. Michaud,et al.  Suicide attempts among adolescents in Switzerland: prevalence, associated factors and comorbidity , 1998, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[289]  J. Marecek Culture, gender, and suicidal behavior in Sri Lanka. , 1998, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[290]  E. Gong-Guy,et al.  Clinical issues in mental health service delivery to refugees. , 1991, The American psychologist.

[291]  M. Sanders,et al.  Triple P: A multi-level family intervention program for children with disruptive behaviour disorders , 1996 .

[292]  J. Mantonakis,et al.  Suicide attempts among Greek and Danish women and the quality of their relationships with husbands or boyfriends , 1992, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[293]  R. Kessler,et al.  The impact of psychiatric disorders on work loss days , 1997, Psychological Medicine.

[294]  D. Wassenaar,et al.  Women in cultural transition: suicidal behavior in South African Indian women. , 1998, Suicide & life-threatening behavior.

[295]  S. Strong Meaningful work in supportive environments: experiences with the recovery process. , 1998, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

[296]  W. Anthony,et al.  Supported employment for persons who are psychiatrically disabled: An historical and conceptual perspective. , 1987 .

[297]  David Shaffer,et al.  Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years. , 2003, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

[298]  C. Bernard Giving Voice to Experiences: Parental Maltreatment of Black Children in the Context of Societal Racism , 2002 .

[299]  K. Mueser,et al.  Supported employment, job preferences, job tenure and satisfaction , 2001 .

[300]  H. Reinherz,et al.  The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: a longitudinal community study. , 1996, Child abuse & neglect.