Flow field perception based on the fish lateral line system

Fish are able to perceive the surrounding weak flow and pressure variations with their mechanosensory lateral line system, which consists of a superficial lateral line for flow velocity detection and a canal lateral line for flow pressure gradient perception. Achieving a better understanding of the flow field perception algorithms of the lateral line can contribute not only to the design of highly sensitive flow sensors, but also to the development of underwater smart skin with good hydrodynamic imaging properties. In this review, we discuss highly sensitive flow-sensing mechanisms for superficial and canal neuromasts and flow field perception algorithms. Artificial lateral line systems with different transduction mechanisms are then described with special emphasis on the recent innovations in the field of polymer-based artificial flow sensors. Finally, we discuss our perspective of the technological challenges faced while improving flow sensitivity, durability, and sensing fusion schemes.

[1]  S Coombs,et al.  Function and evolution of superficial neuromasts in an Antarctic notothenioid fish. , 1994, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[2]  K. Mohseni,et al.  A model of the lateral line of fish for vortex sensing , 2010, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[3]  J F Webb,et al.  Gross morphology and evolution of the mechanoreceptive lateral-line system in teleost fishes. , 1989, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[4]  Sheryl Coombs,et al.  The Mechanosensory Lateral Line: Neurobiology and Evolution , 2011 .

[5]  Matthew J. McHenry,et al.  The sensitivity of lateral line receptors and their role in the behavior of Mexican blind cavefish (Astyanax mexicanus) , 2014, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[6]  S. Coombs,et al.  The lateral line is necessary for blind cavefish rheotaxis in non-uniform flow , 2015, The Journal of Experimental Biology.

[7]  J. Lang,et al.  Lateral-line-inspired MEMS-array pressure sensing for passive underwater navigation , 2007 .

[8]  A. G. P. Kottapalli,et al.  Harbor seal whisker inspired flow sensors to reduce vortex-induced vibrations , 2015, 2015 28th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).

[9]  Jelle Atema,et al.  Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals , 1988, Springer New York.

[10]  S. Coombs,et al.  Modeling and measuring lateral line excitation patterns to changing dipole source locations , 2004, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[11]  D. Raible,et al.  Rheotaxis in Larval Zebrafish Is Mediated by Lateral Line Mechanosensory Hair Cells , 2012, PloS one.

[12]  M. E. Bichuette,et al.  Biology of Subterranean Fishes , 2010 .

[13]  Horst Bleckmann,et al.  Function of lateral line canal morphology. , 2015, Integrative zoology.

[14]  T Teyke,et al.  Morphological differences in neuromasts of the blind cave fish Astyanax hubbsi and the sighted river fish Astyanax mexicanus. , 1990, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[15]  Florian Solzbacher,et al.  Analysis of Al2O3—parylene C bilayer coatings and impact of microelectrode topography on long term stability of implantable neural arrays , 2017, Journal of neural engineering.

[16]  M. McHenry,et al.  The Biophysics of the Fish Lateral Line , 2013 .

[17]  G. Xie,et al.  Artificial lateral line based local sensing between two adjacent robotic fish , 2017, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[18]  S. Coombs,et al.  The orienting response of Lake Michigan mottled sculpin is mediated by canal neuromasts. , 2001, The Journal of experimental biology.

[19]  Ajay Giri Prakash Kottapalli,et al.  Sensing the flow beneath the fins , 2018, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[20]  G. von der Emde,et al.  Nature as a model for technical sensors , 2004, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[21]  Sheryl Coombs,et al.  The Mechanosensory Lateral Line , 1989 .

[22]  Junliang Tao,et al.  Hair flow sensors: from bio-inspiration to bio-mimicking—a review , 2012 .

[23]  C. F. Baker,et al.  The sensory basis of rheotaxis in the blind Mexican cave fish, Astyanax fasciatus , 1999, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[24]  Xiaobo Tan,et al.  Underwater source localization using an IPMC-based artificial lateral line , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation.

[25]  Viktor Malyarchuk,et al.  Digital cameras with designs inspired by the arthropod eye , 2013, Nature.

[26]  E. Denton,et al.  Mechanical factors in the excitation of clupeid lateral lines , 1983, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[27]  Douglas L. Jones,et al.  Multisensor Processing Algorithms for Underwater Dipole Localization and Tracking Using MEMS Artificial Lateral-Line Sensors , 2006, EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process..

[28]  J. Gray,et al.  Mechanical Factors in the Excitation of the Lateral Lines of Fishes , 1988 .

[29]  Kamran Mohseni,et al.  A Pressure Sensory System Inspired by the Fish Lateral Line: Hydrodynamic Force Estimation and Wall Detection , 2017, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[30]  A. Hasler,et al.  Superficial lateral line sense organs of the mudminnow (Umbra limi) , 1966, Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie.

[31]  S. Coombs,et al.  Biologically inspired design of hydrogel-capped hair sensors for enhanced underwater flow detection , 2009 .

[32]  A. Kottapalli,et al.  Biomimetic hydrogel-CNT network induced enhancement of fluid-structure interactions for ultrasensitive nanosensors , 2017 .

[33]  J. Blaxter,et al.  STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE LATERAL LINE , 1987 .

[34]  Miao Xu,et al.  ROBIL: Robot Path Planning Based on PBIL Algorithm , 2014 .

[35]  Yingchen Yang,et al.  Artificial lateral line canal for hydrodynamic detection , 2011 .

[36]  R. Northcutt,et al.  Morphology, distribution and innervation of the lateral-line receptors of the Florida gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus. , 1991, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[37]  Hong Lei,et al.  Distributed flow estimation and closed-loop control of an underwater vehicle with a multi-modal artificial lateral line , 2015, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[38]  Ying Liu,et al.  Underwater Positioning Based on an Artificial Lateral Line and a Generalized Regression Neural Network , 2018, Journal of Bionic Engineering.

[39]  Michael S. Triantafyllou,et al.  MEMS sensors for assessing flow-related control of an underwater biomimetic robotic stingray , 2015, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[40]  M. McHenry,et al.  Larval zebrafish rapidly sense the water flow of a predator's strike , 2009, Biology Letters.

[41]  Yonggang Jiang,et al.  Reactive ion etching of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) copolymer for flexible piezoelectric devices , 2013 .

[42]  Joni-Kristian Kämäräinen,et al.  Joint Estimation of Bulk Flow Velocity and Angle Using a Lateral Line Probe , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[43]  H. Bleckmann,et al.  The lateral line receptor array of cyprinids from different habitats , 2014, Journal of morphology.

[44]  Tibor Erős,et al.  Number and Distribution of Superficial Neuromasts in Twelve Common European Cypriniform Fishes and Their Relationship to Habitat Occurrence , 2010 .

[45]  S. Coombs,et al.  Information Encoding and Processing by the Peripheral Lateral Line System , 2013 .

[46]  Shane P. Windsor,et al.  Behavior and physiology of mechanoreception: separating signal and noise. , 2009, Integrative zoology.

[47]  S Coombs,et al.  Form and function relationships in lateral line systems: comparative data from six species of Antarctic notothenioid fish. , 1994, Brain, behavior and evolution.

[48]  Sheryl Coombs,et al.  The Lateral Line System , 2014, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research.

[49]  Sheryl Coombs,et al.  Biology of the mechanosensory lateral line in fishes , 1995, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries.

[50]  Lily D. Chambers,et al.  A fish perspective: detecting flow features while moving using an artificial lateral line in steady and unsteady flow , 2014, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[51]  T. Pitcher,et al.  A blind fish can school. , 1976, Science.

[52]  Xiaobo Tan,et al.  An artificial lateral line system using IPMC sensor arrays , 2012 .

[53]  Derek A. Paley,et al.  Bio-inspired flow sensing and control: Autonomous rheotaxis using distributed pressure measurements , 2013 .

[54]  Zhiqiang Ma,et al.  Development of a Flexible Artificial Lateral Line Canal System for Hydrodynamic Pressure Detection , 2017, Sensors.

[55]  W. Jeffery,et al.  Evolution of a Behavioral Shift Mediated by Superficial Neuromasts Helps Cavefish Find Food in Darkness , 2010, Current Biology.

[56]  Jian Luo,et al.  A Flexible Hot-Film Sensor Array for Underwater Shear Stress and Transition Measurement , 2018, Sensors.

[57]  W. Macpherson,et al.  Bio-inspired all-optical artificial neuromast for 2D flow sensing , 2018, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[58]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  A bioinspired flexible organic artificial afferent nerve , 2018, Science.

[59]  J. Montgomery,et al.  A comparison of Lateral Line Morphology of Blue Cod and Torrentfish: Two Sandperches of the Family Pinguipedidae , 2004, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[60]  Morphology and hydro-sensory role of superficial neuromasts in schooling behaviour of yellow-eyed mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri) , 2017, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[61]  Anne Aubert,et al.  Spatial Distribution and Morphological Characteristics of the Trunk Lateral Line Neuromasts of the Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.; Teleostei, Serranidae) , 2003, Brain, Behavior and Evolution.

[62]  Mischa Megens,et al.  Functional Biomimetic Microlens Arrays with Integrated Pores , 2005 .

[63]  Yonggang Jiang,et al.  Development of a Tactile and Slip Sensor with a Biomimetic Structure-enhanced Sensing Mechanism , 2019, Journal of Bionic Engineering.

[64]  M. D. Vittorio,et al.  Parylene-coated bioinspired artificial hair cell for liquid flow sensing , 2012 .

[65]  Wei Xu,et al.  Design and optimization of stress centralized MEMS vector hydrophone with high sensitivity at low frequency , 2018 .

[66]  Nannan Chen,et al.  Hydrogel‐Encapsulated Microfabricated Haircells Mimicking Fish Cupula Neuromast , 2007 .

[67]  Ho-Young Lee,et al.  Performance improvement of an ionic polymer–metal composite actuator by parylene thin film coating , 2006 .

[68]  J. Wersäll,et al.  A STUDY OF THE ORIENTATION OF THE SENSORY HAIRS OF THE RECEPTOR CELLS IN THE LATERAL LINE ORGAN OF FISH, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FUNCTION OF THE RECEPTORS , 1962, The Journal of cell biology.

[69]  N. Marshall.  Structure and general distribution of free neuromasts in the black goby, Gobius niger , 1986, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[70]  A. Kottapalli,et al.  Nanofibril scaffold assisted MEMS artificial hydrogel neuromasts for enhanced sensitivity flow sensing , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[71]  Adrian Klein,et al.  μ-biomimetic flow-sensors—introducing light-guiding PDMS structures into MEMS , 2015, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[72]  John C. Montgomery,et al.  The Enigmatic Lateral Line System , 1999 .

[73]  G. Lauder,et al.  Fish optimize sensing and respiration during undulatory swimming , 2016, Nature Communications.

[74]  Kyle D. Anderson,et al.  Bioinspired Material Approaches to Sensing , 2009 .

[75]  Jack Chen,et al.  Institute of Physics Publishing Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering Design and Fabrication of Artificial Lateral Line Flow Sensors 1. Underwater Flow Sensing , 2022 .

[76]  John C. Montgomery,et al.  Bioacoustics and the Lateral Line System of Fishes , 2008 .

[77]  Guangming Xie,et al.  CPG-based Locomotion Controller Design for a Boxfish-like Robot , 2014 .

[78]  Otar Akanyeti,et al.  Head width influences flow sensing by the lateral line canal system in fishes , 2018, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[79]  Characterization of water vapor permeation through thin film Parylene C , 2009, TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference.

[80]  Anke Schmitz,et al.  Organization of the superficial neuromast system in goldfish, Carassius auratus , 2008, Journal of morphology.

[81]  Adrian Klein,et al.  Micro-Machined Flow Sensors Mimicking Lateral Line Canal Neuromasts , 2015, Micromachines.

[82]  John C. Montgomery,et al.  Flowing water decreases hydrodynamic signal detection in a fish with an epidermal lateral-line system , 2006 .

[83]  H. Bleckmann.  Reception of hydrodynamic stimuli in aquatic and semiaquatic animals , 1994 .

[84]  Shichao Niu,et al.  Artificial Hair-Like Sensors Inspired from Nature: A Review , 2018 .

[85]  D. Paley,et al.  Model-based observer and feedback control design for a rigid Joukowski foil in a Kármán vortex street , 2018, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[86]  F. Solzbacher,et al.  Self-aligned tip deinsulation of atomic layer deposited Al2O3 and parylene C coated Utah electrode array based neural interfaces , 2014, Journal of micromechanics and microengineering : structures, devices, and systems.

[87]  G. Arnold,et al.  RHEOTROPISM IN FISHES , 1974, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[88]  Matthew J. McHenry,et al.  The flexural stiffness of superficial neuromasts in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) lateral line , 2007, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[89]  J. Engel,et al.  Design and Characterization of Artificial Haircell Sensor for Flow Sensing With Ultrahigh Velocity and Angular Sensitivity , 2007, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems.

[90]  J. Montgomery,et al.  The lateral line can mediate rheotaxis in fish , 1997, Nature.

[91]  J. Webb,et al.  Postembryonic development of the cranial lateral line canals and neuromasts in zebrafish , 2003, Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.

[92]  A. Kottapalli,et al.  Artificial fish skin of self-powered micro-electromechanical systems hair cells for sensing hydrodynamic flow phenomena , 2015, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[93]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Lateral line layout correlates with the differential hydrodynamic pressure on swimming fish. , 2015, Physical review letters.

[94]  Reza Malekian,et al.  Research on Flow Field Perception Based on Artificial Lateral Line Sensor System , 2018, Sensors.

[95]  Paolo Fiorini,et al.  Self-motion effects on hydrodynamic pressure sensing: part I. Forward–backward motion , 2013, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[96]  Sietse M van Netten,et al.  Channel gating forces govern accuracy of mechano-electrical transduction in hair cells , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[97]  H. Münz,et al.  Single unit activity in the peripheral lateral line system of the cichlid fishSarotherodon niloticus L. , 1985, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[98]  Sheryl Coombs,et al.  Lateral line stimulation patterns and prey orienting behavior in the Lake Michigan mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi) , 2009, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[99]  M. McHenry,et al.  Mechanical filtering by the boundary layer and fluid–structure interaction in the superficial neuromast of the fish lateral line system , 2008, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[100]  Jeffrey H. Lang,et al.  Piezoresistive foam sensor arrays for marine applications , 2016 .

[101]  Douglas L. Jones,et al.  Artificial lateral line with biomimetic neuromasts to emulate fish sensing , 2010, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[102]  K. Maruska,et al.  The mechanosensory lateral line is used to assess opponents and mediate aggressive behaviors during territorial interactions in an African cichlid fish , 2015, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[103]  Matthew J. McHenry,et al.  The morphology and mechanical sensitivity of lateral line receptors in zebrafish larvae (Danio rerio) , 2008, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[104]  Sheryl Coombs,et al.  The Hydrodynamics and Structural Mechanics of the Lateral Line System , 2006 .

[105]  Richard R. Fay,et al.  Comparative Hearing: Fish and Amphibians , 1999, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research.

[106]  Derrick Yeo,et al.  Distributed flow sensing for closed-loop speed control of a flexible fish robot , 2015, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[107]  Douglas L. Jones,et al.  Flow Vision for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles via an Artificial Lateral Line , 2011, EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process..

[108]  C. Schemmel.  Vergleichende Untersuchungen an den Hautsinnesorganen ober- und unterirdisch lebender Astyanax-Formen , 1967, Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere.

[109]  K. D. Karavitaki,et al.  From Biological Cilia to Artificial Flow Sensors: Biomimetic Soft Polymer Nanosensors with High Sensing Performance , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[110]  Maarja Kruusmaa,et al.  Hydrodynamic pressure sensing with an artificial lateral line in steady and unsteady flows , 2012, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[111]  Zhi-guo Zhou,et al.  Biomimetic Cilia Based on MEMS Technology , 2008 .

[112]  Yonggang Jiang,et al.  Investigation on the lateral line systems of two cavefish: Sinocyclocheilus Macrophthalmus and S. Microphthalmus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) , 2016 .

[113]  Florian Engert,et al.  A novel mechanism for mechanosensory-based rheotaxis in larval zebrafish , 2017, Nature.

[114]  S. Coombs,et al.  Feeding and orientation of mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi, to water jets , 1990, Environmental Biology of Fishes.

[115]  Shane P. Windsor,et al.  The influence of viscous hydrodynamics on the fish lateral-line system. , 2009, Integrative and comparative biology.

[116]  J. Webb,et al.  Feeding in the dark: lateral-line-mediated prey detection in the peacock cichlid Aulonocara stuartgranti , 2012, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[117]  Mohsen Asadnia,et al.  Touch at a distance sensing: lateral-line inspired MEMS flow sensors , 2014, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.

[118]  K. Maruska,et al.  The Mechanosensory Lateral Line System Mediates Activation of Socially-Relevant Brain Regions during Territorial Interactions , 2016, Front. Behav. Neurosci..

[119]  Julie Goulet,et al.  Object localization through the lateral line system of fish: theory and experiment , 2007, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[120]  A. Keene,et al.  Evolutionary shift towards lateral line dependent prey capture behavior in the blind Mexican cavefish. , 2018, Developmental biology.

[121]  Richard Schwarzenberger,et al.  Man-made flows from a fish’s perspective: autonomous classification of turbulent fishway flows with field data collected using an artificial lateral line , 2018, Bioinspiration & biomimetics.