MULTI-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF THE ENDURING TYPE IIn SUPERNOVAE 2005ip AND 2006jd

We present an observational study of the Type IIn supernovae (SNe IIn) 2005ip and 2006jd. Broadband UV, optical, and near-IR photometry, and visual-wavelength spectroscopy of SN 2005ip complement and extend upon published observations to 6.5 years past discovery. Our observations of SN 2006jd extend from UV to mid-infrared wavelengths, and like SN 2005ip, are compared to reported X-ray measurements to understand the nature of the progenitor. Both objects display a number of similarities with the 1988Z-like subclass of SN IIn including (1) remarkably similar early- and late-phase optical spectra, (2) a variety of high-ionization coronal lines, (3) long-duration optical and near-IR emission, and (4) evidence of cold and warm dust components. However, diversity is apparent, including an unprecedented late-time r-band excess in SN 2006jd. The observed differences are attributed to differences between the mass-loss history of the progenitor stars. We conclude that the progenitor of SN 2006jd likely experienced a significant mass-loss event during its pre-SN evolution akin to the great 19th century eruption of η Carinae. Contrarily, as advocated by Smith et al., the circumstellar environment of SN 2005ip is found to be more consistent with a clumpy wind progenitor.

[1]  N. Yoshida,et al.  Light-curve modelling of superluminous supernova 2006gy: collision between supernova ejecta and a dense circumstellar medium , 2012, 1204.6109.

[2]  R. Kotak,et al.  SN 2009kn - the twin of the Type IIn supernova 1994W , 2012, 1205.0353.

[3]  R. Chevalier,et al.  X-RAYS FROM SUPERNOVA SHOCKS IN DENSE MASS LOSS , 2012, 1201.5581.

[4]  B. Weiner,et al.  SYSTEMATIC BLUESHIFT OF LINE PROFILES IN THE TYPE IIn SUPERNOVA 2010jl: EVIDENCE FOR POST-SHOCK DUST FORMATION? , 2011, 1108.2869.

[5]  J. Hjorth,et al.  Production of dust by massive stars at high redshift , 2011, 1108.0403.

[6]  B. Ercolano,et al.  EVIDENCE FOR PRE-EXISTING DUST IN THE BRIGHT TYPE IIn SN 2010jl , 2011, 1106.0537.

[7]  Ori D. Fox,et al.  A SPITZER SURVEY FOR DUST IN TYPE IIn SUPERNOVAE , 2011, 1104.5012.

[8]  A. Breeveld,et al.  An Updated Ultraviolet Calibration for the Swift/UVOT , 2011, 1102.4717.

[9]  E. L. Robinson,et al.  SN 2008am: A SUPER-LUMINOUS TYPE IIn SUPERNOVA , 2011, 1101.3581.

[10]  R. Chevalier,et al.  SHOCK BREAKOUT IN DENSE MASS LOSS: LUMINOUS SUPERNOVAE , 2011, 1101.1111.

[11]  D. Fox,et al.  CALTECH CORE-COLLAPSE PROJECT (CCCP) OBSERVATIONS OF TYPE IIn SUPERNOVAE: TYPICAL PROPERTIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR PROGENITOR STARS , 2010, 1010.2689.

[12]  M. Cantiello,et al.  EVOLUTION OF MASSIVE STARS WITH PULSATION-DRIVEN SUPERWINDS DURING THE RED SUPERGIANT PHASE , 2010, 1005.4925.

[13]  M. Skrutskie,et al.  DISENTANGLING THE ORIGIN AND HEATING MECHANISM OF SUPERNOVA DUST: LATE-TIME SPITZER SPECTROSCOPY OF THE TYPE IIn SN 2005ip , 2010, 1005.4682.

[14]  J. Bloom,et al.  SN 2008iy: an unusual Type IIn Supernova with an enduring 400‐d rise time , 2009, 0911.4719.

[15]  Nicholas B. Suntzeff,et al.  THE CARNEGIE SUPERNOVA PROJECT: FIRST PHOTOMETRY DATA RELEASE OF LOW-REDSHIFT TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE , 2009, 0910.3330.

[16]  M. Asplund,et al.  The chemical composition of the Sun , 2009, 0909.0948.

[17]  A. Gal-yam,et al.  A massive hypergiant star as the progenitor of the supernova SN 2005gl , 2009, Nature.

[18]  John A. Nousek,et al.  ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT CURVES OF SUPERNOVAE WITH THE SWIFT ULTRAVIOLET/OPTICAL TELESCOPE , 2009 .

[19]  S. Smartt,et al.  SN 2005cs in M51 – II. Complete evolution in the optical and the near-infrared , 2009, 0901.2075.

[20]  K. Nomoto,et al.  Optical photometry and spectroscopy of the Type Ibn supernova SN 2006jc until the onset of dust formation , 2008, 0811.0060.

[21]  A. Pastorello,et al.  SN 2006gy: WAS IT REALLY EXTRAORDINARY? , 2008, 0810.0635.

[22]  S. Gezari,et al.  SN 1994W: an interacting supernova or two interacting shells? , 2008, 0804.0428.

[23]  T. Nakagawa,et al.  PROPERTIES OF NEWLY FORMED DUST BY SN 2006JC BASED ON NEAR- TO MID-INFRARED OBSERVATION WITH AKARI , 2007, 0711.4801.

[24]  Nathan Smith,et al.  RED SUPERGIANTS AS POTENTIAL TYPE IIn SUPERNOVA PROGENITORS: SPATIALLY RESOLVED 4.6 μm CO EMISSION AROUND VY CMa AND BETELGEUSE , 2008, 0811.3037.

[25]  R. Foley,et al.  CORONAL LINES AND DUST FORMATION IN SN 2005ip: NOT THE BRIGHTEST, BUT THE HOTTEST TYPE IIn SUPERNOVA , 2008, 0809.5079.

[26]  Benjamin N. Sargeant,et al.  NEAR-INFRARED PHOTOMETRY OF THE TYPE IIn SN 2005ip: THE CASE FOR DUST CONDENSATION , 2008, 0807.3555.

[27]  R. Foley,et al.  SN 2006tf: Precursor Eruptions and the Optically Thick Regime of Extremely Luminous Type IIn Supernovae , 2008, 0804.0042.

[28]  R. Kotak,et al.  Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium – III. SN 2006jc: infrared echoes from new and old dust in the progenitor CSM , 2008, 0803.2145.

[29]  D. Berk,et al.  Ultraviolet Light Curves of Supernovae with Swift Uvot , 2008, 0803.1265.

[30]  T. Onaka,et al.  Early Formation of Dust in the Ejecta of Type Ib SN 2006jc and Temperature and Mass of the Dust , 2008, 0801.2015.

[31]  V. Larionov,et al.  Near-Infrared Observations of the Type Ib Supernova SN 2006jc: Evidence of Interactions with Dust , 2007, 0712.3855.

[32]  R. Foley,et al.  Dust Formation and He II λ4686 Emission in the Dense Shell of the Peculiar Type Ib Supernova 2006jc , 2007, 0704.2249.

[33]  A. Filippenko,et al.  Detection of SN 2006jd in X-Rays with Swift , 2007 .

[34]  Richard McCray,et al.  Shell-shocked Diffusion Model for the Light Curve of SN 2006gy , 2007, 0710.3428.

[35]  S. Woosley,et al.  Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae , 2007, Nature.

[36]  R. Chornock,et al.  The Dual-Axis Circumstellar Environment of the Type IIn Supernova 1997eg , 2007, 0709.3258.

[37]  Berkeley,et al.  A Spitzer Space Telescope Study of SN 2003gd: Still No Direct Evidence that Core-Collapse Supernovae are Major Dust Factories , 2007, 0705.1439.

[38]  Mohan Ganeshalingam,et al.  SN 2006jc: A Wolf-Rayet Star Exploding in a Dense He-rich Circumstellar Medium , 2006, astro-ph/0612711.

[39]  D. Fox,et al.  On the Progenitor of SN 2005gl and the Nature of Type IIn Supernovae , 2006, astro-ph/0608029.

[40]  P. Brown,et al.  Detection of X-Ray Emission from SN 2005kd with Swift , 2007 .

[41]  Charles E. Hansen,et al.  SN 2006gy: Discovery of the Most Luminous Supernova Ever Recorded, Powered by the Death of an Extremely Massive Star like η Carinae , 2006, astro-ph/0612617.

[42]  S. Valenti,et al.  Supernova 2002ic: The Collapse of a Stripped-Envelope, Massive Star in a Dense Medium? , 2006, astro-ph/0611125.

[43]  R. Kirshner,et al.  Supernova 2006jd in UGC 4179 , 2006 .

[44]  B. Leibundgut,et al.  Coronal emission from the shocked circumstellar ring of SN 1987A , 2006, astro-ph/0603815.

[45]  N. Smith,et al.  The Structure of the Homunculus. I. Shape and Latitude Dependence from H2 and [Fe II] Velocity Maps of η Carinae , 2006, astro-ph/0602464.

[46]  Wendy L. Freedman,et al.  The Carnegie Supernova Project: The Low‐Redshift Survey , 2005, astro-ph/0512039.

[47]  Berkeley,et al.  The Type IIn supernova 1994W: evidence for the explosive ejection of a circumstellar envelope , 2004, astro-ph/0405369.

[48]  Moscow,et al.  On the source of the late-time infrared luminosity of SN 1998S and other Type II supernovae , 2004, astro-ph/0404533.

[49]  M. Pettini,et al.  [O III] / [N II] as an abundance indicator at high redshift , 2004, astro-ph/0401128.

[50]  P. Mazzali,et al.  Subaru Spectroscopy of the Interacting Type Ia Supernova SN 2002ic: Evidence of a Hydrogen-rich, Asymmetric Circumstellar Medium , 2003, astro-ph/0311590.

[51]  Peter W. A. Roming,et al.  The Swift Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope , 2002, SPIE Optics + Photonics.

[52]  A. Speck,et al.  The Dust Ring of Luminous Blue Variable Candidate HD 168625: Infrared Observations and Model Calculations , 2003 .

[53]  S. E. Persson,et al.  An asymptotic-giant-branch star in the progenitor system of a type Ia supernova , 2003, Nature.

[54]  M. Turatto,et al.  SN 1999E: another piece in the supernova—gamma-ray burst connection puzzle , 2002, astro-ph/0211432.

[55]  D. Schlegel,et al.  The type IIn supernova 1995G: interaction with the circumstellar medium , 2002 .

[56]  S. Jha,et al.  Extraordinary Late-Time Infrared Emission of Type IIn Supernovae , 2002, astro-ph/0204477.

[57]  J. Sollerman,et al.  Optical and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of SN 1995N: Evidence for Strong Circumstellar Interaction , 2001, astro-ph/0108149.

[58]  C. Stubbs,et al.  SN 1997cy/GRB 970514: A New Piece in the Gamma-Ray Burst Puzzle? , 1999, astro-ph/9906096.

[59]  R. Terlevich,et al.  SN 1988Z: spectro-photometric catalogue and energy estimates⋆ , 1999, astro-ph/9905313.

[60]  S. E. Persson,et al.  A New System of Faint Near-Infrared Standard Stars , 1998 .

[61]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds , 1998 .

[62]  J. Sollerman,et al.  A Very Low Mass of 56Ni in the Ejecta of SN 1994W , 1997, astro-ph/9709061.

[63]  D. Schlegel,et al.  Maps of Dust IR Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and CMBR Foregrounds , 1997, astro-ph/9710327.

[64]  J. Blondin,et al.  Axisymmetric Circumstellar Interaction in Supernovae , 1995, astro-ph/9601137.

[65]  Mark Clampin,et al.  Nebulae around Luminous Blue Variables: A Unified Picture , 1995 .

[66]  N. Chugai,et al.  SN 1988Z: low-mass ejecta colliding with the clumpy wind? , 1994 .

[67]  R. Chevalier,et al.  Emission from circumstellar interaction in normal Type II supernovae , 1994 .

[68]  M. Turatto,et al.  The Type II supernova 1988Z in MCG + 03-28-022: increasing evidence of interaction of supernova ejecta with a circumstellar wind , 1993 .

[69]  Arlo U. Landolt,et al.  UBVRI Photometric Standard Stars in the Magnitude Range 11 , 1992 .

[70]  R. Stathakis,et al.  What was supernova 1988Z , 1991 .

[71]  E. Schlegel.  A new subclass of Type II supernovae , 1990 .

[72]  J. Mathis,et al.  The relationship between infrared, optical, and ultraviolet extinction , 1989 .

[73]  D. Branch,et al.  THE SPECTRUM OF THE TYPE II-L SUPERNOVA 1984E IN NGC 3169 : FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A SUPERWIND ? , 1987 .

[74]  E. Dwek.  The infrared echo of Type II supernovae with circumstellar dust shells. II - A probe into the presupernova evolution of the progenitor star , 1985 .

[75]  M. Dopita,et al.  The 1984 supernova in NGC 3169: evidence for a superwind , 1984 .

[76]  D. Branch,et al.  Type II supernova 1979c in M100 and the distance to the Virgo cluster , 1981 .