A History of Geothermal Energy Research and Development in the United States. Reservoir Engineering 1976-2006

This report, the third in a four-part series, summarizes significant research projects performed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) over 30 years to overcome challenges in reservoir engineering and to make generation of electricity from geothermal resources more cost-competitive.

[1]  M. C. Adams.  TRACER STABILITY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN AN INJECTED GEOTHERMAL FLUID DURING INJECTION-BACKFLOW TESTING AT THE EAST MESA GEOTHERMAL FIELD , 1985 .

[2]  Peter Rose,et al.  Magnetotelluric Surveying and Monitoring at the Coso Geothermal Area, California, in Support of the Enhanced Geothermal Systems Concept: Survey Parameters, Initial Results , 2005 .

[3]  Roland N. Horne,et al.  The Effects of Adsorption and Desorption on Production and Reinjection in Vapor-Dominated Geothermal Fields , 2004 .

[4]  Bruce R. Julian,et al.  Source processes of industrially‐induced earthquakes at The Geysers geothermal area, California , 1999 .

[5]  Michael C. Adams,et al.  Kinetics of fluorescein decay and its application as a geothermal tracer , 1991 .

[6]  John B. Shoven,et al.  I , Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal.

[7]  T. N. Narasimhan,et al.  Reservoir evaluation tests on RRGE 1 and RRGE 2, Raft River Geothermal Project, Idaho , 1977 .

[8]  R. W. Carter,et al.  LIQUID-VAPOR PARTITIONING OF NaCl(aq) FROM CONCENTRATED BRINES AT TEMPERATURES TO 3 50" C , 2005 .

[9]  Tianfu Xu,et al.  Calcite dissolution in geothermal reservoirs using chelants , 2006 .

[10]  K. Pruess,et al.  Distributed parameter modeling of a producing vapor‐dominated geothermal reservoir: Serrazzano, Italy , 1983 .

[11]  Peter Rose,et al.  TRACER TESTING AT STEAMBOAT HILLS, NEVADA, USING FLUORESCEIN AND 1,5-NAPHTHALENE DISULFONATE , 1999 .

[12]  Bruce R. Julian,et al.  Non‐double‐couple earthquake mechanisms at the Geysers Geothermal Area, California , 1996 .

[13]  G. Michael Shook,et al.  Parametric Sensitivity Study of Operating and Design Variables in Wellbore Heat Exchangers , 2005 .

[14]  G. Michael Shook.  Development of a vapor-dominated reservoir with a “high-temperature” component , 1995 .

[15]  Angelo Minissale,et al.  The Larderello geothermal field: a review , 1991 .

[16]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  Fluid Flow , Heat Transfer , and Solute Transport at Nuclear Waste Storage Tanks in the Hanford Vadose Zone , 2002 .

[17]  Bruce A. Robinson,et al.  Dispersed fluid flow in fractured reservoirs: An analysis of tracer‐determined residence time distributions , 1984 .

[18]  J. C. Rowley,et al.  Drilling of hot-dry-rock geothermal-energy extraction well EE-3 , 1982 .

[19]  Yu-Shu Wu,et al.  An analytical solution for heat transfer at a boiling front moving through a porous medium , 1987, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer.

[20]  Constance W. Miller,et al.  Wellbore user's manual , 1980 .

[21]  B. C. Lunis,et al.  Economic review of the geopressured-geothermal resource with recommendations , 1989 .

[22]  D. H. Brownell,et al.  Governing equations for geothermal reservoirs , 1977 .

[23]  Shaun Brown,et al.  Isotopic Constraints on the Chemical Evolution of Geothermal Fluids, Long Valley, CA , 2008 .

[24]  Peter Rose,et al.  A new tracer for use in liquid-dominated, high-temperature geothermal reservoirs , 2003 .

[25]  Herbert H. Einstein,et al.  Experimental and Analytical Research on Fracture Processes in ROck , 2009 .

[26]  A. Jacobson,et al.  δ44Ca evolution in a carbonate aquifer and its bearing on the equilibrium isotope fractionation factor for calcite , 2008 .

[27]  D. J. Entingh.  A review of geothermal well stimulation experiments in the United States , 1999 .

[28]  C. O. Grigsby,et al.  Energy extraction from fractured geothermal reservoirs in low‐permeability crystalline rock , 1981 .

[29]  E. L. Majer,et al.  SEISMOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE GEYSERS GEOTHERMAL FIELD , 1979 .

[30]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  ECO2N – A fluid property module for the TOUGH2 code for studies of CO2 storage in saline aquifers , 2007 .

[31]  John H. Weare,et al.  Models of mineral solubility in concentrated brines with application to field observations , 1987 .

[32]  Cengiz Satik,et al.  A MEASUREMENT OF STEAM-WATER RELATIVE PERMEABILITY , 2003 .

[33]  J. C. Rowley,et al.  PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE NUCLEAR SUBTERRENE. , 1971 .

[34]  Jose A. Rial,et al.  The Geysers geothermal field: results from shear‐wave splitting analysis in a fractured reservoir , 2005 .

[35]  R. A. Pettitt.  Testing, planning, and redrilling of Geothermal Test Hole GT-2, Phases IV and V. Progress report , 1978 .

[36]  D. B. Slemmons,et al.  Fault activity and seismicity near the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory geothermal test site, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico , 1975 .

[37]  Mike Shook.  Numerical investigations into the formation of a high temperature reservoir , 1993 .

[38]  J. Horita,et al.  Water adsorption at high temperature on core samples from The Geysers geothermal field , 1998 .

[39]  K. N. Dollman,et al.  - 1 , 1743 .

[40]  Bruce R. Julian,et al.  Imaging hydraulic fractures in a geothermal reservoir , 2010 .

[41]  David J. Wesolowski,et al.  Aqueous high-temperature solubility studies. I. The solubility of boehmite as functions of ionic strength (to 5 molal, NaCl), temperature (100–290°C), and pH as determined by in situ measurements , 2001 .

[42]  Chacko J. John,et al.  Geology of the Gladys McCall geopressured-geothermal prospect, Cameron Parish, Louisiana , 1988 .

[43]  Jeffery J. Roberts,et al.  ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS OF ANDESITE AND HYDROTHERMAL BRECCIA FROM THE AWIBENGKOK GEOTHERMAL FIELD , INDONESIA , 2022 .

[44]  Philip E. Wannamaker,et al.  Three-dimensional inversion of Magnetotelluric data over the Coso geothermal field, using a PC , 2007 .

[45]  K. Pruess,et al.  MODELING MULTIPHASE NON-ISOTHERMAL FLUID FLOW AND REACTIVE GEOCHEMICAL TRANSPORT IN VARIABLY SATURATED FRACTURED ROCKS: 1. METHODOLOGY , 2001 .

[46]  George J. Moridis,et al.  TOUGH2 software qualification , 1996 .

[47]  David Oppenheimer,et al.  Extensional tectonics at The Geysers Geothermal Area, California , 1986 .

[48]  K. Pruess,et al.  TOUGH2-A General-Purpose Numerical Simulator for Multiphase Fluid and Heat Flow , 1991 .

[49]  Sally M. Benson,et al.  WELL TEST DATA FROM GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS , 1982 .

[50]  Roland N. Horne,et al.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STEAM-WATER AND AIR-WATER RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES IN FRACTURES , 2003 .

[51]  Peter Persoff,et al.  Hydrologic characterization of reservoir metagraywacke from shallow and deep levels of The Geysers vapor-dominated geothermal system, California, USA , 2001 .

[52]  K. Pruess.  Quantitative model of vapor dominated geothermal reservoirs as heat pipes in fractured porous rock , 1985 .

[53]  H. A. Espinosa,et al.  Mexican--American cooperative program at the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field , 1978 .

[54]  Myron H. Dorfman.  The Outlook for Geopressured/Geothermal Energy and Associated Natural Gas , 1982 .

[55]  K. Goyal,et al.  The Santa Rosa -- Geysers Recharge Project, Geysers Geothermal Field, California, USA , 2005 .

[56]  P. Persoff,et al.  Two-phase flow visualization and relative permeability measurement in natural rough-walled rock fractures , 1996 .

[57]  G. Michael Shook.  A Systematic Method For Tracer Test Analysis: An Example Using Beowawe Tracer Data , 2005 .

[58]  Janik,et al.  NATURAL GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS FOR INJECTATE FLUIDS AT DIXIE , .

[59]  S. L. Phillips,et al.  A Technical Databook for Geothermal Energy Utilization , 1981 .

[60]  David Oppenheimer,et al.  Induced seismicity in The Geysers Geothermal Area, California , 1984 .

[61]  John E. Peterson,et al.  Characteristics of Microseismicity in the DV11 Injection Area, Southeast Geysers, California , 1998 .

[62]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  Tracer Testing for Estimating Heat Transfer Area in Fractured Reservoirs , 2004 .

[63]  John H. Weare,et al.  A general equation of state for supercritical fluid mixtures and molecular dynamics simulation of mixture PVTX properties , 1996 .

[64]  G. M. Shook,et al.  Preliminary Efforts to Couple TETRAD with Geophysics Models , 2002 .

[65]  T. N. Narasimhan,et al.  A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR MODELING FLUID AND HEAT FLOW IN FRACTURED POROUS MEDIA , 1985 .

[66]  G. Michael Shook,et al.  TRACER TEST ANALYSIS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF LAUGALAND GEOTHERMAL FIELD , 2005 .

[67]  G. Michael Shook,et al.  Predicting thermal breakthrough in heterogeneous media from tracer tests , 2001 .

[68]  Masahiko Yagi,et al.  STABILITY OF METHANOL, PROPANOL, AND SF 6 AS HIGH-TEMPERATURE TRACERS , 2000 .

[69]  Roland N. Horne,et al.  Dispersion in tracer flow in fractured geothermal systems , 1983 .

[70]  Gudmundur S. Bodvarsson,et al.  The Krafla Geothermal Field, Iceland: 3. The generating capacity of the field , 1984 .

[71]  S. Garg,et al.  On pressure-work, viscous dissipation and the energy balance relation for geothermal reservoirs , 1977 .

[72]  G. Boitnott,et al.  Core Analysis for the Development and Constraint of Physical Models of Geothermal Reservoirs , 2003 .

[73]  Sang Goo Lee,et al.  TESTING THE NAPHTHALENE SULFONATES AS GEOTHERMAL TRACERS AT DIXIE VALLEY , OHAAKI , AND AWIBENGKOK , 2022 .

[74]  G. M. Shook,et al.  Validation of a Geothermal Simulator , 1991 .

[75]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  Modeling of Pyrite Oxidation in Saturated and Unsaturated Subsurface Flow Systems , 2000 .

[76]  Joseph N. Moore,et al.  Thermal stabilities of aromatic acids as geothermal tracers , 1992 .

[77]  Y. Tsang,et al.  On Two-Phase Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure of Rough-Walled Rock Fractures , 1989 .

[78]  Roland N. Horne,et al.  DIFFERENCES BETWEEN STEAM-WATER AND AIR-WATER CAPILLARY PRESSURES , 2001 .

[79]  Ahmad Ghassemi,et al.  Integral equation solution of heat extraction‐induced thermal stress in enhanced geothermal reservoirs , 2005 .

[80]  Daniel Swenson,et al.  REVIEW OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ENHANCED GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS , 2000 .

[81]  J. Negus-de Wys.  The Geopressured-Geothermal Resource, research and use , 1990 .

[82]  Marcelo J. Lippmann,et al.  GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION: THE STATE-OF-PRACTICE AND EMERGING TRENDS , 2000 .

[83]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  The TOUGH Codes—A Family of Simulation Tools for Multiphase Flow and Transport Processes in Permeable Media , 2003 .

[84]  P. Rose,et al.  TRACER TESTING AT DIXIE VALLEY , NEVADA , USING 2-NAPHTHALENE SULFONATE AND 2 , 7-NAPHTHALENE DISULFONATE , 2001 .

[85]  R. A. Bailey,et al.  Geologic map of the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico , 1970 .

[86]  G. Michael Shook,et al.  A Simple, Fast Method of Estimating Fractured Reservoir Geometry from Tracer Tests , 2003 .

[87]  S. Benson,et al.  The Krafla Geothermal Field, Iceland: 1. Analysis of well test data , 1984 .

[88]  Bruce R. Julian,et al.  Industrially induced changes in Earth structure at the Geysers Geothermal Area, California , 1997 .

[89]  Leigh House,et al.  ICFT: An initial closed-loop flow test of the Fenton Hill Phase II HDR reservoir , 1989 .

[90]  Gudmundur S. Bodvarsson,et al.  FLUID AND HEAT FLOW IN GAS-RICH GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS , 1985 .

[91]  J. L. Smith,et al.  Hydrofluorocarbons as geothermal vapor-phase tracers , 2001 .

[92]  S. M. Benson,et al.  New method for evaluating composite reservoir systems , 1985 .

[93]  Keiiti Aki,et al.  A LOW-VELOCITY ZONE IN THE BASEMENT BENEATH THE VALLES CALDERA, NEW MEXICO , 1991 .

[94]  G. Michael Shook.  Vapor pressure lowering in brines and implications for formation of a high temperature reservoir , 1994 .

[95]  Dennis L. Nielson,et al.  Hydrothermal factors in porosity evolution and caprock formation at the Geysers steam field, California--insight from the Geysers Coring Project , 1995 .

[96]  K. Pruess,et al.  TOUGH User's Guide , 1987 .

[97]  Gordana Vlahovic,et al.  Shear-wave splitting and reservoir crack characterization: the Coso geothermal field , 2003 .

[98]  Jeremy Scott Griggs,et al.  A re-evaluation of geopressured-geothermal aquifers as an energy resource , 2004 .

[99]  Gudmundur S. Bodvarsson,et al.  A modeling approach for analysis of coupled multiphase fluid flow, heat transfer, and deformation in fractured porous rock , 2002 .

[100]  M. Kowalsky,et al.  Depressurization-Induced Gas Production From Class-1 Hydrate Deposits , 2005 .

[101]  Linh M Duong,et al.  SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA , 2012 .

[102]  Peter Rose,et al.  A tracer test using ethanol as a two-phase tracer and 2-naphthalene sulfonate as a liquid-phase tracer at the coso geothermal field , 2006 .

[103]  Julian J. Bommer,et al.  Induced seismicity associated with Enhanced Geothermal Systems , 2007 .

[104]  Paul Spielman,et al.  The coso EGS project - Recent developments , 2003 .

[105]  Gudmundur S. Bodvarsson,et al.  Dixie Valley, Nevada tracer test , 1989 .

[106]  Sabodh K. Garg,et al.  Characterization of geothermal reservoirs with electrical surveys: Beowawe geothermal field , 2007 .

[107]  K. Pruess,et al.  TOUGH2 User's Guide Version 2 , 1999 .

[108]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  TOUGHREACT User's Guide: A Simulation Program for Non-isothermal Multiphase Reactive geochemical Transport in Variable Saturated Geologic Media , 2004 .

[109]  Alfredo Mazzotti,et al.  A New Deep Exploration Program and Preliminary Results of a 3D Seismic Survey in the Larderello-Travale Geothermal Area (Italy) , 2004 .

[110]  James Lovekin,et al.  POTENTIAL SITES AND EXPERIMENTS FOR ENHANCED GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES , 2000 .

[111]  K. Pruess,et al.  The simulator TOUGH2/EWASG for modelling geothermal reservoirs with brines and non-condensible gas , 1997 .

[112]  Gudmundur S. Bodvarsson,et al.  The Krafla Geothermal Field, Iceland: 2. The natural state of the system , 1984 .

[113]  Joseph A. Henfling,et al.  WHY WELL MONITORING INSTRUMENTS FAIL , 2005 .

[114]  S. Enedy,et al.  Reservoir response to injection in the Southeast Geysers , 1991 .

[115]  Jennifer L. Lewicki,et al.  Temporal changes in noble gas compositions within the Aidlin sector ofThe Geysers geothermal system , 2006 .

[116]  Stefan Finsterle,et al.  Solving the Estimation‐Identification Problem in Two‐Phase Flow Modeling , 1995 .

[117]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  Sorbing Tracers - A Potential Tool for Determining Effective Heat Transfer Area in Hot Fractured Rock Systems , 2004 .

[118]  T. Narasimhan,et al.  On fluid reserves and the production of superheated steam from fractured, vapor‐dominated geothermal reservoirs , 1982 .

[119]  John W. Pritchett,et al.  Hydrofracture Characterization Using Downhole Electrical Monitoring , 2005 .

[120]  J. Ahlers,et al.  Toxicity and ecotoxicity of sulfonic acids: Structure-activity relationship , 1994 .

[121]  Peter Rose,et al.  A tracer test at the Beowawe geothermal field, Nevada, using fluorescein and tinopal CBS , 1995 .

[122]  Jose A. Rial,et al.  Imaging crack systems in The Geysers with shear-wave splitting , 2004 .

[123]  Don W. Vasco,et al.  Characterization of the geothermal system beneath the northwest Geysers Steam Field, California, from seismicity and velocity patterns , 1995 .

[124]  Jefferson W. Tester,et al.  Interwell Tracer Analyses of a Hydraulically Fractured Granitic Geothermal Reservoir , 1982 .

[125]  G. M. Shook,et al.  Multi-purpose simulation , 1993 .

[126]  K. Pruess,et al.  TMVOC, a numerical simulator for three-phase non-isothermal flows of multicomponent hydrocarbon mixtures in saturated-unsaturated heterogeneous media , 2005 .

[127]  J. Horita,et al.  Water adsorption at high temperature on core samples from The Geysers geothermal field, California, USA , 2001 .

[128]  Joseph N. Moore,et al.  Preliminary assessment of halogenated alkanes as vapor-phase tracers , 1991 .

[129]  Roland N. Horne,et al.  The use of tracers to analyze the effects of reinjection into fractured geothermal reservoirs , 1987 .

[130]  L. Muffler,et al.  Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources , 1977 .

[131]  Brian P. Bonner,et al.  The effects of capillarity on electrical resistivity during boiling in metashale from scientific corehole SB-15-D, The Geysers, California, USA , 2001 .

[132]  P. J. Boyd,et al.  Permeability, electrical impedance, and acoustic velocities on reservoir rocks from the Geysers geothermal field , 1996 .

[133]  Gregory A. Newman,et al.  3D Magnetotelluric characterization of the COSO GeothermalField , 2005 .

[134]  L. Wong,et al.  Crack Coalescence in Molded Gypsum and Carrara Marble: Part 1. Macroscopic Observations and Interpretation , 2009 .

[135]  George A. Zyvoloski,et al.  Evaluation of the second hot dry rock geothermal energy reservoir: results of Phase I, Run Segment 5 , 1981 .

[136]  G. Michael Shook,et al.  Tracer Interpretation Using Temporal Moments on a Spreadsheet , 2005 .

[137]  Michael Wilt,et al.  3D Extended Logging for Geothermal Resources: Field Trials with the Geo-Bilt System , 2002 .

[138]  John E. Peterson,et al.  The Impact of Injection on Seismicity at The Geyses, California Geothermal Field , 2006 .

[139]  Jennifer L. Lewicki,et al.  EVALUATION OF C-14 AS A NATURAL TRACER FOR INJECTED FLUIDS AT THE AIDLIN SECTOR OF THE GEYSERS GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM THROUGH MODELING OF MINERAL-WATER-GAS REACTIONS , 2006 .

[140]  Ann Robertson-Tait,et al.  The Desert Peak East EGS Project: A Progress Report , 2005 .

[141]  THE USE OF POLYAROMATIC SULFONATES AS TRACERS IN HIGH TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS , 2005 .

[142]  John H. Weare,et al.  The prediction of methane solubility in natural waters to high ionic strength from 0 to 250°C and from 0 to 1600 bar , 1992 .

[143]  G. Bodvarsson,et al.  Thermal Effects of Reinjection in Geothermal Reservoirs With Major Vertical Fractures , 1984 .

[144]  Dick Benoit,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF AN INJECTION AUGMENTATION PROGRAM AT THE DIXIE VALLEY, NEVADA GEOTHERMAL FIELD , 2000 .

[145]  Michael O'Sullivan,et al.  State-of-the-art of geothermal reservoir simulation , 2001 .