Chapter 26 - African Migration

Factors shaping international migration, over the last half century, from and into the countries and territories of sub-Saharan and North Africa, as well as the economic and some social implications of those movements, are examined. Existing analyses of these issues are critically reviewed, including topics particularly pertinent to the African context and evidence on cross-cutting themes studied in the African context. The most recent data available on each aspect are summarized and fresh results, based on these data, are presented on several topics.

[1]  Frédéric Docquier,et al.  A Gendered Assessment of Highly Skilled Emigration , 2009 .

[2]  J. Hoddinott,et al.  Migration and differentiation in western Kenya: A tale of two sub‐locations , 1993 .

[3]  A. Chikanda.  Medical migration from Zimbabwe: magnitude, causes and impact on the poor , 2007 .

[4]  M. Hay.  A Structural Equations Model of Migration in Tunisia , 1980, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[5]  J. Kirsten,et al.  The effect of rural inequality on fertility and migration: A literature review , 2000 .

[6]  J. Taylor,et al.  Migration and Income Diversification Evidence from Burkina Faso , 2006 .

[7]  Nathan Nunn,et al.  The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa , 2009 .

[8]  R. Zetter.  Incorporation and exclusion: The life cycle of Malawi's Refugee assistance program , 1995 .

[9]  R. Singh,et al.  Determinants and Macroeconomic Impact of Remittances in Sub-Saharan Africa , 2009, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[10]  Silvana Tenreyro,et al.  Further Simulation Evidence on the Performance of the Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood Estimator , 2011 .

[11]  C. Ozden,et al.  Where on Earth is Everybody? The Evolution of Global Bilateral Migration 1960-2000 , 2011 .

[12]  D. Meekers,et al.  CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS OF ADOLESCENT SEXUALITY IN URBAN BOTSWANA , 2000, Journal of Biosocial Science.

[13]  A. Mattoo,et al.  Brain Waste? Educated Immigrants in the U.S. Labor Market , 2005 .

[14]  Célestin Monga,et al.  Making Higher Education Finance Work for Africa , 2011 .

[15]  S. Murshed,et al.  Irevisiting The Greed And Grievance Explanations For Violent Internal Conflict , 2009 .

[16]  B. Knerr,et al.  Labour Migration as a Social Security Mechanism for Smallholder Households in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Cameroon , 2000 .

[17]  Yves Bourdet,et al.  Emigrants' remittances and Dutch Disease in Cape Verde , 2006 .

[18]  J. Agesa,et al.  Gender differences in the incidence of rural to urban migration: evidence from Kenya. , 1999 .

[19]  P. Svedberg.  Undernutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is There a Sex Bias? , 1990 .

[20]  Richard U. Agesa.  Migration and the Urban to Rural Earnings Difference: A Sample Selection Approach* , 2001, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[21]  R. Black,et al.  RETURN MIGRATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN GHANA AND CÔTE D’IVOIRE: THE ROLE OF CAPITAL TRANSFERS , 2009 .

[22]  R. White,et al.  Do African Immigrants Enhance Their Home Nations’ Trade With Their Hosts? , 2013 .

[23]  I. Molho.  Migrant Inertia, Accessibility and Local Unemployment , 1995 .

[24]  Florence Kondylis.  Agricultural Outputs and Conflict Displacement: Evidence from a Policy Intervention in Rwanda , 2007, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[25]  J. Sachs,et al.  Geography, demography, and economic growth in Africa. , 1998, Brookings papers on economic activity.

[26]  D. Gould.  Immigrant Links to the Home Country: Empirical Implications for U.S. Bilateral Trade Flows , 1994 .

[27]  J. Bhagwati,et al.  Domestic distortions, imperfect information and the brain drain☆ , 1975 .

[28]  F. Karam.  When Migrant Remittances Are Not Everlasting: How Can Morocco Make Up? , 2008 .

[29]  L. Winters,et al.  The Trading Potential of Eastern Europe , 1992 .

[30]  W. Max Corden,et al.  Booming Sector and De-Industrialisation in a Small Open Economy , 1982 .

[31]  R. Adams.  Worker Remittances and Inequality in Rural Egypt , 1989, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[32]  A Mountford,et al.  Can a brain drain be good for growth in the source economy? , 1997, Journal of development economics.

[33]  Philip L. F. Johnson,et al.  A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome , 2010, Science.

[34]  C. Ebeke,et al.  Impact des envois de fonds des migrants sur les inégalités de revenu dans le pays en développement , 2010 .

[35]  Stefan Dercon,et al.  Migration and Economic Mobility in Tanzania: Evidence from a Tracking Survey , 2008, Review of Economics and Statistics.

[36]  G. Mohan,et al.  Chinese Migrants in Africa as New Agents of Development? An Analytical Framework , 2009 .

[37]  Yoto Yotov,et al.  The Changing Incidence of Geography , 2008 .

[38]  Deodat Emilson Ad.  Do International Remittances Promote Human Development in Poor Countries? Empirical Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa , 2010 .

[39]  B. McCormick,et al.  Overseas Work Experience, Savings and Entrepreneurship Amongst Return Migrants to Ldcs , 2001 .

[40]  C. Dustmann,et al.  Remittances and temporary migration , 2010 .

[41]  D. Adenutsi.  Financial development, international migrant remittances and endogenous growth in Ghana , 2011 .

[42]  S. Gupta,et al.  Effect of Remittances on Poverty and Financial Development in Sub-Saharan Africa , 2009 .

[43]  Salvador Barrios,et al.  DOCUMENTOS DE ECONOMIA Y FINANZAS INTERNACIONALES Climatic Change and Rural-Urban Migration: The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa , 2006 .

[44]  S. Stouffer.  Intervening opportunities: a theory relating mobility and distance , 1940 .

[45]  Richard U. Agesa.  Gender Differences in the Urban to Rural Wage Gap and the Prevalence of the Male Migrant , 2004 .

[46]  E. Duflo.  Grandmothers and Granddaughters: Old-Age Pensions and Intrahousehold Allocation in South Africa , 2003 .

[47]  F. Roubaud,et al.  Migration, Self-selection and Returns to Education in the WAEMU , 2009 .

[48]  The incentive for rural to urban migration: a re-examination of the Harris-Todaro model , 2000 .

[49]  H. Rempel,et al.  The role of urban‐to‐rural remittances in rural development , 1978 .

[50]  P. Krishnan,et al.  Poverty and productivity in female-headed households in Zimbabwe , 2007 .

[51]  J. S. Morrison,et al.  The Terrorist Threat in Africa , 2004 .

[52]  K. Hope.  Population mobility and multi-partner sex in Botswana: implications for the spread of HIV/AIDS. , 2001, African journal of reproductive health.

[53]  Una O Osili.  Remittances and savings from international migration: Theory and evidence using a matched sample , 2007 .

[54]  James E. Anderson,et al.  Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle , 2001 .

[55]  Sunw Kim,et al.  Rural to Urban Migration as a Household Decision: Evidence from Kenya , 2001 .

[56]  A. Adepoju.  Linkages between internal and international migration: the African situation , 1998 .

[57]  M. El-Sakka,et al.  The Macroeconomic Determinants of Emigrant Remittances , 1999 .

[58]  J. Williamson,et al.  Demographic and Economic Pressure on Emigration Out of Africa , 2001, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[59]  T. Martineau,et al.  The health workforce: managing the crisis ethical international recruitment of health professionals: will codes of practice protect developing country health systems? , 2006, Health policy.

[60]  F. Wouterse.  Migration and Rural Welfare: The Impact of Potential Policy Reforms in Europe , 2012 .

[61]  C. Beauchemin,et al.  International Migration and Housing Conditions of Households in Dakar , 2011 .

[62]  V. Mazzucato.  Informal Insurance Arrangements in Ghanaian Migrants' Transnational Networks: The Role of Reverse Remittances and Geographic Proximity , 2009 .

[63]  Derek Lutterbeck,et al.  Policing Migration in the Mediterranean , 2006 .

[64]  J. Azam,et al.  The Impact of Remittances on Their Recipients in Africa , 2016 .

[65]  L. Taylor,et al.  Great Expectations and Reality Checks: The Role of Information in Mediating Migrants’ Experience of Return , 2009 .

[66]  M. V. D. Berg,et al.  Heterogeneous migration flows from the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso: the role of natural and social capital , 2011 .

[67]  K. Jacobsen.  Can refugees benefit the state? Refugee resources and African statebuilding , 2002, The Journal of Modern African Studies.

[68]  R. Jensen.  Do private transfers 'displace' the benefits of public transfers? Evidence from South Africa , 2004 .

[69]  P. Collier,et al.  Greed and Grievance in Civil War , 1999 .

[70]  Z. Iqbal,et al.  The Geo-Politics of Forced Migration in Africa, 1992—2001 , 2007 .

[71]  R. Lucas.  The Effects of Proximity and Transportation on Developing Country Population Migrations , 2001 .

[72]  Anke Hoeffler,et al.  Beyond greed and grievance: feasibility and civil war , 2008 .

[73]  Yéro Baldé.  The Impact of Remittances and Foreign Aid on Savings/Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) , 2011 .

[74]  C. Udry.  Gender, Agricultural Production, and the Theory of the Household , 1996, Journal of Political Economy.

[75]  F. D. Vletter.  Migration and development in Mozambique: poverty, inequality and survival , 2007 .

[76]  P. Collier,et al.  Why Poor People Get Rich: Kenya, 1960-1979 , 1984 .

[77]  Ira N. Gang,et al.  Returns to returning , 2000 .

[78]  Pushkar Maitra,et al.  The effect of transfers on household expenditure patterns and poverty in South Africa , 2003 .

[79]  R. Adams.  Evaluating the Economic Impact of International Remittances On Developing Countries Using Household Surveys: A Literature Review , 2011 .

[80]  L. Winters,et al.  Trade Liberalization and Poverty: The Evidence So Far , 2004 .

[81]  B. Frayne.  Migration and the changing social economy of Windhoek, Namibia , 2007 .

[82]  Abbebe Kifleyesus.  Women Who Migrate, Men Who Wait: Eritrean Labor Migration to the Arab Near East , 2012, Northeast African Studies.

[83]  R. Lucas.  MIGRATION AMONGST THE BATSWANA , 1985 .

[84]  O. Uadiale,et al.  Impact of Workers' Remittances on Financial Development in Nigeria , 2011 .

[85]  Ronald Soligo,et al.  Some Welfare Aspects of International Migration , 1969, Journal of Political Economy.

[86]  B. McCormick,et al.  Return International Migration and Geographical Inequality: The Case of Egypt , 2003 .

[87]  M. Mackintosh,et al.  Aid, restitution and international fiscal redistribution in health care: implications of health professionals' migration , 2006 .

[88]  O. Kirchkamp,et al.  The Optimal Migration Duration and Activity Choice after Re-Migration , 2001, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[89]  David J. McKenzie,et al.  The Remitting Patterns of African Migrants in the OECD , 2010 .

[90]  A. Bhargava,et al.  HIV Pandemic, Medical Brain Drain, and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa , 2008 .

[91]  D. Levin,et al.  Connections to distant knowledge: Interpersonal ties between more- and less-developed countries , 2013 .

[92]  J. Crush,et al.  Undermining Labour: The Rise of Sub-contracting in South African Gold Mines , 2001 .

[93]  Kalena E. Cortes.  Are Refugees Different from Economic Immigrants? Some Empirical Evidence on the Heterogeneity of Immigrant Groups in the United States , 2004, Review of Economics and Statistics.

[94]  J. Carling.  Unauthorized Migration from Africa to Spain , 2007 .

[95]  F. Gubert,et al.  Do Migrants Insure Those who Stay Behind? Evidence from the Kayes Area (Western Mali) , 2002 .

[96]  M. Lipton,et al.  Demographic transition in sub-Saharan Africa: How big will the economic dividend be? , 2011, Population studies.

[97]  Barry Eichengreen,et al.  Trade blocs, currency blocs and the reorientation of world trade in the 1930s , 1995 .

[98]  K. Gyimah-Brempong.  Education and Economic Development in Africa , 2011 .

[99]  Frédéric Docquier,et al.  Brain Drain and Human Capital Formation in Developing Countries: Winners and Losers , 2008 .

[100]  Jonathan Eaton,et al.  Bilateralism and Regionalism in Japanese and U.S. Trade and Direct Foreign Investment Patterns , 1995 .

[101]  S. Diarra,et al.  Emigration from the Sahel. , 1995, International migration.

[102]  J. Anyanwu,et al.  Do International Remittances Affect Poverty in Africa , 2010 .

[103]  M. Salisu.  The Role of Capital Flight and Remittances in Current Account Sustainability in Sub‐Saharan Africa , 2005 .

[104]  Donald C. Mead,et al.  The dynamics of micro and small enterprises in developing countries , 1998 .

[105]  J. Hoddinott,et al.  Does Female Income Share Influence Household Expenditures? Evidence from Cote d'Ivoire , 1995 .

[106]  Debraj Ray,et al.  Linking Conflict to Inequality and Polarization , 2011 .

[107]  F. Gubert.  Migration and Development: Mixed evidence from western Mali , 2007 .

[108]  J. Lachaud.  Envois de fonds, in?galit? et pauvret? au Burkina Faso , 1999 .

[109]  M. Mekonnen.  Exploring the link between development and migration in Ethiopia , 2011 .

[110]  B. I. Logan.  The Reverse and Return Transfer of Technology (RRTT): Towards a Comprehensive Model of the Migration of African Experts , 2009 .

[111]  P. Bundred,et al.  Medical migration: who are the real losers? , 2000, The Lancet.

[112]  P. Ciaian,et al.  The Impact of the EU Blue Card Policy on Economic Growth in the African Sending Countries , 2010 .

[113]  M. T. Mochebelele,et al.  Migrant Labor and Farm Technical Efficiency in Lesotho , 2000 .

[114]  Chyanda M. Querido.  State-Sponsored Mass Killing in African Wars—Greed or Grievance? , 2009 .

[115]  R. Faini.  Remittances and the Brain Drain: Do More Skilled Migrants Remit More? , 2007 .

[116]  Willard G. Manning,et al.  Monte Carlo evidence on the choice between sample selection and two-part models , 1987 .

[117]  Danny Hoffman.  The meaning of a militia: Understanding the civil defence forces of Sierra Leone , 2007 .

[118]  R. Faini,et al.  Workers remittances and the real exchange rate , 1994 .

[119]  J. Williamson,et al.  Out of Africa? Using the Past to Project African Emigration Pressure in the Future , 2002 .

[120]  O. Stark.  Motivations to Remit: Evidence from Botswana , 1985, Journal of Political Economy.

[121]  H. van Dalen,et al.  The effect of remittances on emigration intentions in Egypt, Morocco, and Turkey , 2005, Population studies.

[122]  M. White,et al.  Migrant fertility in Ghana: Selection versus adaptation and disruption as causal mechanisms , 2006, Population studies.

[123]  F. Wouterse.  Remittances, Poverty, Inequality and Welfare: Evidence from the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso , 2010 .

[124]  E. Neumayer.  Bogus Refugees? The Determinants of Asylum Migration to Western Europe , 2004 .

[125]  Donald Cox,et al.  Achieving Social Objectives through Private Transfers: A Review , 1990 .

[126]  R. Adams.  The economic and demographic determinants of international migration in Rural Egypt , 1993 .

[127]  Prachi Mishra.  Emigration and Wages in Source Countries: Evidence from Mexico , 2006, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[128]  Frédéric Docquier,et al.  Chapter 17 The Economics of Migrants' Remittances , 2006 .

[129]  Christopher Woodruff,et al.  Migration networks and microenterprises in Mexico , 2007 .

[130]  R. Oliver.  The Problem of the Bantu Expansion , 1966, The Journal of African History.

[131]  Peter J. Klenow,et al.  Does Schooling Cause Growth , 2000 .

[132]  K. Gleditsch,et al.  Refugees and the Spread of Civil War , 2006, International Organization.

[133]  J. Hoddinott.  Rotten Kids or Manipulative Parents: Are Children Old Age Security in Western Kenya? , 1992, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[134]  P. Collier,et al.  Africa's Exodus : Capital Flight and the Brain Drain as Portfolio Decisions , 2004 .

[135]  D. Gelderblom.  Does poverty constrain migration in South Africa? Evidence, explanations and implications , 2007 .

[136]  V. Mazzucato,et al.  Small is Beautiful: the Micro-Politics of Transnational Relationships between Ghanaian Hometown Associations and Communities Back Home , 2009 .

[137]  D. McKenzie,et al.  Can migration reduce educational attainment? Evidence from Mexico , 2006 .

[138]  Pedro C. Vicente,et al.  Testing the 'Brain Gain' Hypothesis: Micro Evidence from Cape Verde , 2010, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[139]  R. Lucas.  The migration–trade link in developing economies: a summary and extension of evidence , 2014 .

[140]  E. Gouws,et al.  Migration and HIV/AIDS in South Africa , 2005 .

[141]  Perry W. Payne,et al.  Compulsory service programmes for recruiting health workers in remote and rural areas: do they work? , 2010 .

[142]  D. Posel.  Intra-Family Transfers And Income-Pooling , 2005 .

[143]  Eric F. Lambin,et al.  Modelling inter-provincial migration in Burkina Faso, West Africa: the role of socio-demographic and environmental factors , 2003 .

[144]  P. Lovejoy.  The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature , 1989, The Journal of African History.

[145]  Arnaud Bourgain,et al.  Migration des professionnels de santé de pays d'Afrique subsaharienne et politique de substitution , 2010 .

[146]  Scott M. Williams,et al.  The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans , 2009, Science.

[147]  M. Piracha,et al.  Published by , 2003 .

[148]  M. Brockerhoff,et al.  Impact of migration on fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. , 1994, Social biology.

[149]  A. Mesnard.  Temporary migration and capital market imperfections , 2004 .

[150]  W. Naudé.  The Determinants of Migration from Sub-Saharan African Countries , 2010 .

[151]  Giovanni Peri,et al.  The Trade Creation Effect of Immigrants: Evidence from the Remarkable Case of Spain , 2009 .

[152]  J. Anarfi,et al.  Migration and AIDS , 1995, The Lancet.

[153]  V. Agadjanian,et al.  Men’s Migration and Women’s Fertility in Rural Mozambique , 2011, Demography.

[154]  G. Szalontai,et al.  Immigration policy in South Africa: does it make economic sense? , 2006 .

[155]  Francesca Marchetta.  Return Migration and the Survival of Entrepreneurial Activities in Egypt , 2012 .

[156]  R. Barnidge,et al.  Human Rights, Free Movement and the Right to Leave in International Law , 2007 .

[157]  Delanyo Dovlo,et al.  Using mid-level cadres as substitutes for internationally mobile health professionals in Africa. A desk review , 2004, Human resources for health.