Feeling Like My Self: Emotion Profiles and Social Identity

Individuals possess social identities that contain unique, identity-relevant attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs providing “what-to-do” information when enacting that identity. We suggest that social identities are also associated with specific discrete emotion profiles providing “what-to-feel” information during identity enactment. We show that consumers prefer emotional stimuli consistent with their salient social identity, make product choices and emotion regulating consumption decisions to enhance (reduce) their experience of identity-consistent (inconsistent) emotions, and that experiencing identity-consistent emotions aids in the performance of identity-relevant tasks.

[1]  M. Ferguson On the automatic evaluation of end-states. , 2007, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[2]  P. Rozin,et al.  Body, Psyche, and Culture: The Relationship between Disgust and Morality , 1997 .

[3]  Robert Hanna What is the self? , 2011, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[4]  R. Belk Possessions and the Extended Self , 1988 .

[5]  R. Deshpandé,et al.  What We See Makes Us who We are: Priming Ethnic Self-Awareness and Advertising Response , 2001 .

[6]  Jennifer Aaker,et al.  Getting Emotional about Health , 2007 .

[7]  N. Frijda,et al.  Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness , 1989 .

[8]  Debra A. Laverie,et al.  Reexamination and Extension of Kleine, Kleine, and Kernan's Social Identity Model of Mundane Consumption: The Mediating Role of the Appraisal Process , 2002 .

[9]  D. Ariely,et al.  Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially , 2007, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[10]  T. Wheatley,et al.  Hypnotic Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe , 2005, Psychological science.

[11]  Warren Bower New directions , 1937 .

[12]  L. Warlop,et al.  Identity-Based Consumer Behavior , 2012 .

[13]  Linda K. Stroh,et al.  Gender differences: emotional expression and feelings of personal inauthenticity. , 2004, The Journal of applied psychology.

[14]  U. Hess,et al.  Cross-Cultural Emotion Recognition among Canadian Ethnic Groups , 2005 .

[15]  Peter Burke,et al.  New Directions in Identity Control Theory , 2005 .

[16]  Jerome B. Kernan,et al.  Mundane Consumption and the Self: A Social-Identity Perspective , 1993 .

[17]  Deborah A. Small,et al.  The Face of Need: Facial Emotion Expression on Charity Advertisements , 2009 .

[18]  M. Ginsberg Human Nature and the Social Order , 1941, Nature.

[19]  J. Gross,et al.  Emotional suppression: physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. , 1993, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[20]  H. Markus,et al.  Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. , 1991 .

[21]  Ira J. Dolich Congruence Relationships between Self Images and Product Brands , 1969 .

[22]  C. Heath,et al.  Where Consumers Diverge from Others: Identity Signaling and Product Domains , 2007 .

[23]  D. Wegner,et al.  On being cool and collected: mood regulation in anticipation of social interaction. , 1996, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[24]  Eduardo B. Andrade Behavioral Consequences of Affect: Combining Evaluative and Regulatory Mechanisms , 2005 .

[25]  H. Huynh,et al.  Conditions under Which Mean Square Ratios in Repeated Measurements Designs Have Exact F-Distributions , 1970 .

[26]  S. Stryker INTEGRATING EMOTION INTO IDENTITY THEORY , 2004 .

[27]  J. Tsai Ideal Affect: Cultural Causes and Behavioral Consequences , 2007, Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

[28]  Michel Tuan Pham,et al.  Informational Properties of Anxiety and Sadness, and Displaced Coping , 2006 .

[29]  O. John,et al.  Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life. , 2006 .

[30]  A. Ohman,et al.  Emotion drives attention: detecting the snake in the grass. , 2001, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[31]  J. Gross The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review , 1998 .

[32]  Mark R. Forehand,et al.  An Interpretive Frame Model of Identity-Dependent Learning: The Moderating Role of Content-State Association , 2011 .

[33]  Brian Knutson,et al.  Cultural variation in affect valuation. , 2006, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[34]  Jennifer Aaker,et al.  Empathy Versus Price: The Influence of Emotional Appeals Across Cultures , 1998 .

[35]  Craig A. Smith,et al.  Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. , 1985, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[36]  B. Bushman,et al.  Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[37]  Darren W. Dahl,et al.  Are All Out-Groups Created Equal? Consumer Identity and Dissociative Influence , 2007 .

[38]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  Intergroup emotions: explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[39]  D. Matsumoto Ethnic differences in affect intensity, emotion judgments, display rule attitudes, and self-reported emotional expression in an American sample , 1993 .

[40]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  Arousal, Processing, and Risk Taking: Consequences of Intergroup Anger , 2008, Personality & social psychology bulletin.

[41]  S. C. Wheeler,et al.  The “Shaken Self”: Product Choices as a Means of Restoring Self‐View Confidence , 2009 .

[42]  P. Lang International affective picture system (IAPS) : affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual , 2005 .

[43]  L. Tiedens,et al.  Judgment under emotional certainty and uncertainty: the effects of specific emotions on information processing. , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[44]  R. Cialdini,et al.  Altruism as hedonism: a social development perspective on the relationship of negative mood state and helping. , 1976, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[45]  J. Tropman,et al.  The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling , 1984 .

[46]  James J. Gross,et al.  Hedonic and Instrumental Motives in Anger Regulation , 2008, Psychological science.

[47]  J. Stainer,et al.  The Emotions , 1922, Nature.

[48]  N. Grunberg,et al.  The role of gender and taste class in the effects of stress on eating. , 1992, Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association.

[49]  Joel B. Cohen,et al.  Affective Intuition and Task-Contingent Affect Regulation , 2004 .

[50]  A. Mukhopadhyay,et al.  Lay Theories of Emotion Transience and the Search for Happiness: A Fresh Perspective on Affect Regulation , 2009 .

[51]  A. Drolet,et al.  Age-Related Differences in Responses to Emotional Advertisements , 2005 .

[52]  R. Thayer,et al.  Exercising for mood regulation : The importance of experience , 1998 .

[53]  Amy N. Dalton,et al.  Mimicry: Its ubiquity, importance, and functionality , 2009 .

[54]  R. Baumeister,et al.  Emotional distress regulation takes precedence over impulse control: if you feel bad, do it! , 2001, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[55]  Dianne M. Tice,et al.  Giving in to Feel Good: The Place of Emotion Regulation in the Context of General Self-Control , 2000 .

[56]  J. Turner Human Emotions: A Sociological Theory , 2007 .

[57]  Paul Bloom,et al.  Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals , 2009 .

[58]  A. Ortony,et al.  The psychological foundations of the affective lexicon. , 1987 .

[59]  K. Barnett,et al.  Doing good & doing well. , 2001, Health Forum journal.

[60]  N. Callow,et al.  Better out than in: The influence of anger regulation on physical performance , 2010 .

[61]  Amy J. C. Cuddy,et al.  When Professionals Become Mothers, Warmth Doesn't Cut the Ice , 2004 .

[62]  G. Bower Mood and memory. , 1981, The American psychologist.

[63]  J. Simpson,et al.  Emotion regulation in couples and families : pathways to dysfunction and health , 2006 .

[64]  H. Markus,et al.  THE DYNAMIC SELF-CONCEPT: A Social Psychological Perspective , 1987 .

[65]  R. Lazarus Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. , 1991, The American psychologist.

[66]  P. Rozin,et al.  The CAD triad hypothesis: a mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity). , 1999, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[67]  F. Strack,et al.  "Mood contagion": the automatic transfer of mood between persons. , 2000, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[68]  E. Hatfield,et al.  Emotional Contagion , 1995 .

[69]  Americus Reed Activating the Self‐Importance of Consumer Selves: Exploring Identity Salience Effects on Judgments , 2004 .

[70]  D. Keltner,et al.  Disgust and the moralization of purity. , 2009, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[71]  Paul Ekman,et al.  Facial Expressions of Emotion: New Findings, New Questions , 1992 .

[72]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria. , 2007, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[73]  Elsevier Sdol,et al.  International Journal of Research in Marketing , 2009 .

[74]  Daphna Oyserman,et al.  Identity‐based motivation and consumer behavior , 2009 .

[75]  Jennifer Edson Escalas,et al.  Self‐Construal, Reference Groups, and Brand Meaning , 2005 .

[76]  Richard L. Miller,et al.  Brewer, Marilynn B , 2013 .

[77]  Joel B. Cohen,et al.  On the Consumption of Negative Feelings , 2007 .

[78]  E. Higgins,et al.  Beyond pleasure and pain. , 1997, The American psychologist.

[79]  A. Hochschild,et al.  The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. , 1985 .

[80]  M. Brewer,et al.  Who is this "We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations. , 1996 .

[81]  Christopher M. Barnes,et al.  A Multilevel Field Investigation of Emotional Labor, Affect, Work Withdrawal, and Gender , 2011 .

[82]  M. Bradley,et al.  Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW): Instruction Manual and Affective Ratings , 1999 .

[83]  Emma Engdahl Hochschild, Arlie Russell , 1999 .

[84]  Linda L. Price,et al.  Family Identity: A Framework of Identity Interplay in Consumption Practices , 2008 .

[85]  Deborah A. Small,et al.  Emotional Policy: Personal Sadness and Anger Shape Judgments about a Welfare Case , 2008 .

[86]  E.,et al.  Self-Discrepancy : A Theory Relating Self and Affect , 2022 .