Morphogen gradient interpretation

A morphogen gradient is an important concept in developmental biology, because it describes a mechanism by which the emission of a signal from one part of an embryo can determine the location, differentiation and fate of many surrounding cells. The value of this idea has been clear for over half a century, but only recently have experimental systems and methods of analysis progressed to the point where we begin to understand how a cell can sense and respond to tiny changes in minute concentrations of extracellular signalling factors.

[1]  P. Beachy,et al.  Cholesterol Modification of Hedgehog Signaling Proteins in Animal Development , 1996, Science.

[2]  J. Gurdon,et al.  Direct and continuous assessment by cells of their position in a morphogen gradient , 1995, Nature.

[3]  K. Anderson,et al.  decapentaplegic acts as a morphogen to organize dorsal-ventral pattern in the Drosophila embryo , 1992, Cell.

[4]  J. Smith,et al.  Responses of embryonic xenopus cells to activin and FGF are separated by multiple dose thresholds and correspond to distinct axes of the mesoderm , 1992, Cell.

[5]  Lewis Wolpert,et al.  Principles of Development , 1997 .

[6]  J. Gurdon,et al.  A quantitative analysis of signal transduction from activin receptor to nucleus and its relevance to morphogen gradient interpretation. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[7]  M. Gonzalez-Gaitan,et al.  Gradient formation of the TGF-beta homolog Dpp. , 2000, Cell.

[8]  J. Smith,et al.  Gradual refinement of activin-induced thresholds requires protein synthesis. , 2000, Developmental biology.

[9]  Manuel Calleja,et al.  Two distinct mechanisms for long-range patterning by Decapentaplegic in the Drosophila wing , 1996, Nature.

[10]  E. L. Ferguson,et al.  Spatially Restricted Activation of the SAX Receptor by SCW Modulates DPP/TKV Signaling in Drosophila Dorsal–Ventral Patterning , 1998, Cell.

[11]  M Whitman,et al.  Endogenous patterns of TGFbeta superfamily signaling during early Xenopus development. , 2000, Development.

[12]  C. M. Chen,et al.  Wingless transduction by the Frizzled and Frizzled2 proteins of Drosophila. , 1999, Development.

[13]  E. L. Ferguson,et al.  Morphogen gradients: new insights from DPP. , 1999, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[14]  G. Struhl,et al.  Dual Roles for Patched in Sequestering and Transducing Hedgehog , 1996, Cell.

[15]  F Pagès,et al.  Morphogen gradients. A question of time or concentration? , 2000, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[16]  J. Gurdon,et al.  Activin has direct long-range signalling activity and can form a concentration gradient by diffusion , 1997, Current Biology.

[17]  S Cohen,et al.  Morphogens and pattern formation. , 1997, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[18]  L. Wolpert Positional information revisited. , 1989, Development.

[19]  J. Gurdon,et al.  Cells’ Perception of Position in a Concentration Gradient , 1998, Cell.

[20]  G. Eichele,et al.  Evidence that Hensen's node is a site of retinoic acid synthesis , 1992, Nature.

[21]  W. Talbot,et al.  Nodal signaling patterns the organizer. , 2000, Development.

[22]  T. Klein,et al.  The vestigial gene product provides a molecular context for the interpretation of signals during the development of the wing in Drosophila. , 1999, Development.

[23]  S. Cohen,et al.  Problems and paradigms: Morphogens and pattern formation , 1997 .

[24]  G. Struhl,et al.  Direct and Long-Range Action of a Wingless Morphogen Gradient , 1996, Cell.

[25]  W. Gelbart,et al.  An activity gradient of decapentaplegic is necessary for the specification of dorsal pattern elements in the Drosophila embryo. , 1993, Development.

[26]  D. Melton,et al.  A truncated activin receptor inhibits mesoderm induction and formation of axial structures in Xenopus embryos , 1992, Nature.

[27]  A. Teleman,et al.  Dpp Gradient Formation in the Drosophila Wing Imaginal Disc , 2000, Cell.

[28]  C. Nüsslein-Volhard,et al.  The bicoid protein determines position in the Drosophila embryo in a concentration-dependent manner , 1988, Cell.

[29]  P. Lemaire,et al.  Activin signalling and response to a morphogen gradient , 1994, Nature.

[30]  Steven Dyson,et al.  The Interpretation of Position in a Morphogen Gradient as Revealed by Occupancy of Activin Receptors , 1998, Cell.

[31]  Cyrille Alexandre,et al.  Regulated Endocytic Routing Modulates Wingless Signaling in Drosophila Embryos , 2001, Cell.

[32]  T. Jessell Neuronal specification in the spinal cord: inductive signals and transcriptional codes , 2000, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[33]  G. Struhl,et al.  Direct and Long-Range Action of a DPP Morphogen Gradient , 1996, Cell.

[34]  J. Gurdon,et al.  Single cells can sense their position in a morphogen gradient. , 1999, Development.

[35]  Alexander F. Schier,et al.  The zebrafish Nodal signal Squint functions as a morphogen , 2001, Nature.

[36]  Peter A Lawrence,et al.  Morphogens, Compartments, and Pattern: Lessons from Drosophila? , 1996, Cell.

[37]  J. Slack Inducing factors in Xenopus early embryos , 1994, Current Biology.

[38]  T. Jessell,et al.  A hedgehog-insensitive form of patched provides evidence for direct long-range morphogen activity of sonic hedgehog in the neural tube. , 2001, Molecular cell.

[39]  R. Nusse,et al.  Wingless Repression of Drosophila frizzled 2 Expression Shapes the Wingless Morphogen Gradient in the Wing , 1998, Cell.

[40]  T. Lecuit,et al.  Dpp receptor levels contribute to shaping the Dpp morphogen gradient in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. , 1998, Development.

[41]  A. Lanzavecchia,et al.  Serial triggering of many T-cell receptors by a few peptide–MHC complexes , 1995, Nature.

[42]  Sangbin Park,et al.  Interpretation of a BMP Activity Gradient in Drosophila Embryos Depends on Synergistic Signaling by Two Type I Receptors, SAX and TKV , 1998, Cell.

[43]  R. Nusse,et al.  Pathway specificity by the bifunctional receptor frizzled is determined by affinity for wingless. , 2000, Molecular cell.

[44]  J. Graff,et al.  Xenopus Mad Proteins Transduce Distinct Subsets of Signals for the TGFβ Superfamily , 1996, Cell.

[45]  J. Cooke,et al.  Morphogens in vertebrate development: how do they work? , 1995, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[46]  M. Levine,et al.  Transcriptional coregulators in development. , 1999, Science.

[47]  M. Oelgeschläger,et al.  The establishment of spemann's organizer and patterning of the vertebrate embryo , 2000, Nature Reviews Genetics.

[48]  M. Affolter,et al.  Nuclear interpretation of Dpp signaling in Drosophila , 2001, The EMBO journal.

[49]  M. Levine,et al.  Dpp signaling thresholds in the dorsal ectoderm of the Drosophila embryo. , 2000, Development.

[50]  A. Teleman,et al.  Shaping Morphogen Gradients , 2001, Cell.

[51]  R. Dorfman,et al.  Biphasic activation of the BMP pathway patterns the Drosophila embryonic dorsal region. , 2001, Development.