Structural and histochemical reorganization of the human prefrontal cortex during perinatal and postnatal life.

Publisher Summary The development of the cerebral cortex proceeds through a series of progressive and regressive histogenetic events. This chapter describes the structural and histochemical reorganization of human prefrontal cortex during perinatal and life. The study of transient patterns of cortical reorganization during the developmental period is necessary. During the development of the human cerebral cortex, transient patterns of organization of cortical afferents, synapses, and neurons are present from the third intrauterine month to the sixth postnatal month. Postnatal overgrowth begins to slow down only after the second year of life. Transient patterns of cortical organization and reorganization may extend for the impressively long period of more than three years. The establishment of normal cortical organization proceeds by the means of a profound structural and transmitterrelated reorganization and not exclusively by progressive elaboration of fetal patterns. One of the major aspects of transient organization is the overlapping distribution of the cholinesterasic thalamocortical and cholinergic basal forebrain afferents in the waiting compartment of the transient subplate zone. The neural substrate of cognitive development appears after structural and chemical reorganization of the infant association cortex.

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