Chemistry-climate interactions in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model 2. New insights into modeling the preindustrial atmosphere

We investigate the chemical (hydroxyl and ozone) and dynamical response to changing from present-day to preindustrial conditions in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model. We identify three main improvements not included by many other works. First, our model includes interactive cloud calculations. Second, we reduce sulfate aerosol which impacts NO x partitioning hence O x distributions. Third, we reduce sea surface temperatures and increase ocean ice coverage which impact water vapor and ground albedo, respectively. Changing the ocean data (hence water vapor and ozone) produces a potentially important feedback between the Hadley circulation and convective cloud cover. Our present-day run (run 1, control run) global mean OH value was 9.8 x 10 5 molecules cm -3 . For our best estimate of preindustrial conditions run (run 2) which featured modified chemical emissions, sulfate aerosol, and sea surface temperatures/ocean ice, this value changed to 10.2 x 10 5 molecules cm -3 . Reducing only the chemical emissions to preindustrial levels in run 1 (run 3) resulted in this value increasing to 10.6 x 10 5 molecules cm -3 Reducing the sulfate in run 3 to preindustrial levels (run 4) resulted in a small increase in global mean OH (10.7 x 10 5 molecules cm -3 ). Changing the ocean data in run 4 to preindustrial levels (run 5) led to a reduction in this value to 10.3 x 10 5 molecules cm -3 . Mean tropospheric ozone burdens were 423, 306, 305, 305, and 310 Tg for runs 1-5, respectively.

[1]  R. Sausen,et al.  Future changes of the atmospheric composition and the impact of climate change , 2001 .

[2]  J. Staehelin,et al.  Pollution from aircraft emissions in the North Atlantic flight corridor: Overview on the POLINAT projects , 2000 .

[3]  J. Lelieveld,et al.  What controls tropospheric ozone , 2000 .

[4]  J. Staehelin,et al.  Measurements of nitrogen oxides at the tropopause: Attribution to convection and correlation with lightning , 2000 .

[5]  T. L. Schneider,et al.  Climate forcing due to tropospheric and stratospheric ozone , 1999 .

[6]  David Rind,et al.  Radiative forcing from tropospheric ozone calculated with a unified chemistry-climate model , 1999 .

[7]  Mark Lawrence,et al.  A model for studies of tropospheric photochemistry: Description, global distributions, and evaluation , 1999 .

[8]  M. Chin,et al.  Tropospheric sulfur simulation and sulfate direct radiative forcing in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model , 1999 .

[9]  Ian C. Faloona,et al.  Ozone production in the upper troposphere and the influence of aircraft during SONEX: approach of NOx‐saturated conditions , 1999 .

[10]  V. Connors,et al.  Spaceborne observations of the global distribution of carbon monoxide in the middle troposphere during April and October 1994 , 1999 .

[11]  Todd C. Denkins,et al.  Space shuttle based global CO measurements during April , 1999 .

[12]  D. Stevenson,et al.  Relative roles of climate and emissions changes on future tropospheric oxidant concentrations , 1999 .

[13]  A. Ravishankara,et al.  Role of nitrogen oxides in the stratosphere: A reevaluation based on laboratory studies , 1999 .

[14]  Jennifer A. Logan,et al.  An analysis of ozonesonde data for the troposphere : recommendations for testing 3-D models and development of a gridded climatology for tropospheric ozone , 1999 .

[15]  J. Lerner,et al.  Use of On-Line Tracers as a Diagnostic Tool in General Circulation Model Development , 1999 .

[16]  A. Ravishankara,et al.  Reconsideration of the rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals with nitric acid , 1999 .

[17]  Mark Lawrence,et al.  On the background photochemistry of tropospheric ozone , 1999 .

[18]  W. Koshak,et al.  Cross-Sensor Validation of the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) , 1999 .

[19]  Yuhang Wang,et al.  Anthropogenic forcing on tropospheric ozone and OH since preindustrial times , 1998 .

[20]  Colin Price,et al.  Vertical distributions of lightning NOx for use in regional and global chemical transport models , 1998 .

[21]  P. Rasch,et al.  MOZART, a global chemical transport model for ozone , 1998 .

[22]  A Lacis,et al.  Climate forcings in the industrial era. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[23]  Didier Hauglustaine,et al.  Past and future changes in global tropospheric ozone: Impact on radiative forcing , 1998 .

[24]  J. Edwards,et al.  Evolution of tropospheric ozone radiative forcing , 1998 .

[25]  P. M. Lang,et al.  Distributions and recent changes of carbon monoxide in the lower troposphere , 1998 .

[26]  Jim Haywood,et al.  Estimates of radiative forcing due to modeled increases in tropospheric ozone , 1998 .

[27]  John S. Holloway,et al.  Relationships between ozone and carbon monoxide at surface sites in the North Atlantic region , 1998 .

[28]  D. Jacob,et al.  Export of reactive nitrogen from North America during summertime: Sensitivity to hydrocarbon chemistry , 1998 .

[29]  Sander Houweling,et al.  The impact of nonmethane hydrocarbon compounds on tropospheric photochemistry , 1998 .

[30]  D. Jacob,et al.  Global simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry , 1998 .

[31]  D. Rind,et al.  Climate Change and the Middle Atmosphere. Part III: The Doubled CO2 Climate Revisited , 1998 .

[32]  H. Christian,et al.  Global validation of single-station Schumann resonance lightning location , 1998 .

[33]  Jos Lelieveld,et al.  Radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone and sulfate aerosols , 1997 .

[34]  T. Berntsen,et al.  Effects of anthropogenic emissions on tropospheric ozone and its radiative forcing , 1997 .

[35]  Patrick Minnis,et al.  Forcings and chaos in interannual to decadal climate change , 1997 .

[36]  Jos Lelieveld,et al.  A three-dimensional chemistry/general circulation model simulation of anthropogenically derived ozone in the troposphere and its radiative climate forcing , 1997 .

[37]  T. Berntsen,et al.  A global three‐dimensional chemical transport model for the troposphere: 1. Model description and CO and ozone results , 1997 .

[38]  F. Deidewig,et al.  NO x emission indices of subsonic long‐range jet aircraft at cruise altitude: In situ measurements and predictions , 1997 .

[39]  Andrew Gettelman,et al.  Mass fluxes of O3, CH4, N2O and CF2Cl2 in the lower stratosphere calculated from observational data , 1997 .

[40]  Randall R. Friedl,et al.  Atmospheric Effects of Subsonic Aircraft: Interim Assessment Report of the Advanced Subsonic Technology Program , 1997 .

[41]  J. Kiehl,et al.  Radiative forcing of the Earth's climate system due to tropical tropospheric ozone production , 1997 .

[42]  P. Kasibhatla,et al.  The global impact of human activity on tropospheric ozone , 1997 .

[43]  J. Penner,et al.  NOx from lightning 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics , 1997 .

[44]  Lori M. Perliski,et al.  Results from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change Photochemical Model Intercomparison (PhotoComp) , 1997 .

[45]  D. Stevenson,et al.  Tropospheric Ozone in a Global-Scale Three-Dimensional Lagrangian Model and Its Response to NOX Emission Controls , 1997 .

[46]  Thomas E. Graedel,et al.  Global gridded inventories of anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen , 1996 .

[47]  M. Lawrence.  Photochemistry in the tropical Pacific troposphere :studies with a global 3D chemistry-meteorology model , 1996 .

[48]  P. Forster,et al.  Further estimates of radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone changes , 1996 .

[49]  J. Fuglestvedt,et al.  Estimates of indirect global warming potentials for CH4, CO and NOX , 1996 .

[50]  Mian Chin,et al.  A global three‐dimensional model of tropospheric sulfate , 1996 .

[51]  J. Lerner,et al.  Use of on-line tracers as a diagnostic tool in general circulation model development 1. Horizontal and vertical transport in the troposphere , 1996 .

[52]  D. Hauglustaine,et al.  Radiative forcing due to increased tropospheric ozone concentrations , 1996 .

[53]  S. Baughcum,et al.  Scheduled civil aircraft emission inventories for 1992: Database development and analysis , 1996 .

[54]  W. C. Graustein,et al.  7Be and 210Pb Indicate an upper troposphere source for elevated ozone in the summertime subtropical free troposphere of the eastern North Atlantic , 1996 .

[55]  Anthony D. Del Genio,et al.  A Prognostic Cloud Water Parameterization for Global Climate Models , 1996 .

[56]  Patrick Minnis,et al.  A Pinatubo Climate Modeling Investigation , 1996 .

[57]  Jos Lelieveld,et al.  Distribution and budget of O3 in the troposphere calculated with a chemistry general circulation model. , 1995 .

[58]  G. Brasseur,et al.  IMAGES: A three‐dimensional chemical transport model of the global troposphere , 1995 .

[59]  D. M. Cunnold,et al.  Atmospheric Trends and Lifetime of CH3CCI3 and Global OH Concentrations , 1995, Science.

[60]  D. Hauglustaine,et al.  Radiative forcing due to changes in ozone: a comparison of different codes , 1995 .

[61]  J. Fuglestvedt,et al.  Responses in tropospheric chemistry to changes in UV fluxes, temperatures and water vapour densities , 1995 .

[62]  J. Pages,et al.  Evidence of a long‐term increase in tropospheric ozone from Pic du Midi data series: Consequences: Positive radiative forcing , 1994 .

[63]  D. Rind,et al.  Possible implications of global climate change on global lightning distributions and frequencies , 1994 .

[64]  D. Hauglustaine,et al.  The importance of atmospheric chemistry in the calculation of radiative forcing on the climate system , 1994 .

[65]  Paul J. Crutzen,et al.  Reaction of N2O5 on tropospheric aerosols: Impact on the global distributions of NO x , O3, and OH , 1993 .

[66]  Michael O. Rodgers,et al.  Correlation of ozone with NOy in photochemically aged air , 1993 .

[67]  M. Yao,et al.  Efficient Cumulus Parameterization for Long-Term Climate Studies: The GISS Scheme , 1993 .

[68]  L. Radke,et al.  Some trace gas emissions from North American biomass fires with an assessment of regional and global fluxes from biomass burning , 1992 .

[69]  A. Thompson,et al.  The Oxidizing Capacity of the Earth's Atmosphere: Probable Past and Future Changes , 1992, Science.

[70]  Jean‐François Müller,et al.  Geographical distribution and seasonal variation of surface emissions and deposition velocities of atmospheric trace gases , 1992 .

[71]  Thomas M. Smith,et al.  Seasonal oceanic heat transports computed from an atmospheric model and ocean temperature climatology , 1989 .

[72]  Gerald L. Potter,et al.  Exploratory studies of cloud radiative forcing with a general circulation model , 1987 .

[73]  Veerabhadran Ramanathan,et al.  The role of earth radiation budget studies in climate and general , 1987 .

[74]  M. Prather.  Numerical advection by conservation of second-order moments. [for trace element spatial distribution and chemical interaction in atmosphere] , 1986 .

[75]  G. Russell,et al.  Research paperSeasonal oceanic heat transports computed from an atmospheric model , 1985 .

[76]  M. Molina,et al.  Chemical kinetics and photochemical data for use in stratospheric modeling , 1985 .

[77]  Peter H. Stone,et al.  Efficient Three-Dimensional Global Models for Climate Studies: Models I and II , 1983 .

[78]  G. Russell,et al.  Annual oceanic heat transports computed from an atmospheric model , 1983 .

[79]  B. Hicks,et al.  Some factors that affect the deposition rates of sulfur dioxide and similar gases on vegetation , 1977 .