The growth efficiency of high-redshift black holes

The observational evidence that Super-Massive Black Holes (M 10 9 10 M ) are already in place less than 1Gyr after the Big Bang poses stringent time constraints on the growth efficiency of their seeds. Among proposed possibilities, the formation of massive ( 10 3 6 M ) seeds and/or the occurrence of super-Eddington ( _ M > _ MEdd) accretion episodes may contribute to the solution of this problem. In this work, using realistic initial conditions, we analytically and numerically investigate the accretion flow onto high-redshift (z 10) black holes to understand the physical requirements favoring rapid and efficient growth. Our model identifies a “feeding-dominated” accretion regime and a “feedback-limited” one, the latter being characterized by intermittent (duty cyclesD 10 5 6 M ) grow very rapidly as they are found in the feeding-dominated regime. In addition to the standard accretion model with a fixed matterenergy conversion factor ( = 0:1), we have also explored slim disk models ( < 0:04), which may ensure a continuous growth with _ M _ MEdd (up to 300 _ MEdd in our simulations). Under these conditions, outflows play a negligible role and a black hole can accrete 80% 100% of the gas mass of the host halo ( 10 7 M ) in 10Myr, while in feedbacklimited systems we predict that black holes can accrete only up to 15% of the available mass.

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