The illusion of futility in clinical practice.

[1]  C. Cassel,et al.  Ethics, economics, and endocarditis. The physician's role in resource allocation. , 1988, Archives of internal medicine.

[2]  A. Jonsen,et al.  Clinical Ethics: A Practical Approach to Ethical Decisions in Clinical Medicine , 1982 .

[3]  A. Brett,et al.  When Patients Request Specific Interventions , 1986 .

[4]  B. McNeil,et al.  Speech and survival: tradeoffs between quality and quantity of life in laryngeal cancer. , 1981, The New England journal of medicine.

[5]  T. Raffin,et al.  The 'Baby Doe' rule. , 1986, JAMA.

[6]  C. Kjellstrand,et al.  Stopping long-term dialysis. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  C. Mackenzie,et al.  Resuscitation: how do we decide? A prospective study of physicians' preferences and the clinical course of hospitalized patients. , 1986, JAMA.

[8]  Pless Je The story of Baby Doe. , 1983 .

[9]  The physician-patient accommodation: a central event in clinical medicine. , 1982, Archives of internal medicine.

[10]  S. Miles Futile feeding at the end of life: Family virtues and treatment decisions , 1987, Theoretical medicine.

[11]  S. Youngner Who defines futility? , 1988, JAMA.

[12]  Lamb Rm Deciding to forego life-sustaining treatment. , 1986, Health management forum.

[13]  D. Amundsen The physician's obligation to prolong life: a medical duty without classical roots. , 1978, The Hastings Center report.

[14]  P. Ramsey,et al.  The Patient as Person: Explorations in Medical Ethics.Fabricated Man: The Ethics of Genetic Control , 1972 .

[15]  S. Miles,et al.  Survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in babies of very low birth weight , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[16]  M. Nakao,et al.  Numbers are better than words. Verbal specifications of frequency have no place in medicine. , 1983, The American journal of medicine.

[17]  H. Brody,et al.  Ethics and communication in do‐not-resuscitate orders , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[18]  R. McCormick To save or let die. The dilemma of modern medicine. , 1974, JAMA.

[19]  Bob Veatch Death, dying, and the biological revolution , 1976 .

[20]  T C Chalmers,et al.  The importance of beta, the type II error and sample size in the design and interpretation of the randomized control trial. Survey of 71 "negative" trials. , 1978, The New England journal of medicine.

[21]  R. Wachter,et al.  Intensive care of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Outcome and changing patterns of utilization. , 1986, The American review of respiratory disease.

[22]  R. Wachter,et al.  Attitudes of medical residents regarding intensive care for patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. , 1988, Archives of internal medicine.

[23]  W. Nahhas,et al.  Palliative pelvic exenteration--futility revisited. , 1987, Gynecologic oncology.

[24]  M. Siegler Searching for moral certainty in medicine: a proposal for a new model of the doctor-patient encounter. , 1981, Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine.

[25]  C. E. Atterbury The alcoholic in the lifeboat. Should drinkers be candidates for liver transplantation? , 1986, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[26]  J P Kassirer,et al.  Adding insult to injury. Usurping patients' prerogatives. , 1983, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  G. Kelly Medico-moral problems , 1960 .

[28]  R. Fischer,et al.  The economics of fatal injury: dollars and sense. , 1985, The Journal of trauma.

[29]  G. Taffet,et al.  In-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. , 1988, JAMA.

[30]  N. Daniels On the picket line: are doctors' strikes ethical? , 1978, The Hastings Center report.

[31]  B. Lo,et al.  Clinical decisions to limit treatment. , 1980, Annals of internal medicine.

[32]  F. Plum,et al.  Predicting outcome from hypoxic-ischemic coma. , 1985, JAMA.

[33]  D. Callahan On feeding the dying. , 1983, The Hastings Center report.

[34]  D. G. Smith Resuscitation: How Do We Decide? , 1986 .

[35]  L. Blackhall Must we always use CPR? , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.