Cross Cultural Management Research

National culture is widely viewed as a constraint on management practice. However, that view is increasingly inconsistent with available empirical evidence. Building on earlier work, this article maps out the key assumptions that must be met for cross cultural management research that uses national culture (mean) scores, such as those available from Hofstede and the GLOBE project, to yield relevant and interpretable findings. It is found that these assumptions are either inconsistent with available empirical evidence or have not been adequately addressed empirically. For example, for national culture to act as a constraint on management, cultural differences within countries should be small relative to differences between countries. Evidence shows, however, that this is not the case. As a consequence of the lack of support for this and other assumptions, the article suggests that cross cultural management research needs to proceed differently in the future and provides specific recommendations in this regard. Recherche en management interculturel : hypothèses, preuves, et pistes de recherche suggérées (Barry Gerhart) La culture nationale est largement perçue comme une contrainte limitative pour les pratiques managériales. Cependant, cette vision est de plus en plus remise en cause par les preuves empiriques existantes. En s'appuyant sur des travaux antérieurs (Gerhart & Fang, 2005), je peux identifier les hypothèses clés qui doivent être validées par les travaux de recherche en management interculturel utilisant des scores en terme de culture nationale, pour fournir des résultats pertinents et interprétables, comme les travaux de Hofstede (1980, 2001) et du GLOBE project (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, & Gupta, 2004). Néanmoins, j'affirme que ces hypothèses ne sont pas vérifiées par les études empiriques existantes, ou alors que les méthodes utilisées pour les vérifier empiriquement ne sont pas pertinentes. Par exemple, si la culture nationale est supposée agir comme une contrainte sur le management, cela devrait impliquer que les différences culturelles à l'intérieur d'un même pays soient plus faibles que les différences culturelles entre pays. Or, force est de constater que cela n'est pas le cas. En conséquence, comme ni cette hypothèse clé, ni d'autres, ne sont vérifiées de façon empirique, je propose que les recherches en management interculturel procèdent différemment à l'avenir. Je propose des recommandations spécifiques dans ce sens.

[1]  S. Ceri,et al.  Conclusions and Future Directions , 2018 .

[2]  Anne-Wil Harzing,et al.  Country-of-origin, localization, or dominance effect? An empirical investigation of HRM practices in foreign subsidiaries , 2007 .

[3]  Li Wang,et al.  An investigation on the attitudes of Chinese workers towards individually based performance-related reward systems , 2007 .

[4]  Zhan Su,et al.  Conceptual Foundations of Cultural Management Research , 2006 .

[5]  Jana L. Raver,et al.  On the nature and importance of cultural tightness-looseness. , 2006, The Journal of applied psychology.

[6]  Hui Wang,et al.  Organizational Culture in China: An Analysis of Culture Dimensions and Culture Types , 2006, Management and Organization Review.

[7]  J. Hassard,et al.  New Organizational Forms, Human Resource Management and Structural Convergence? A Study of Japanese Organizations , 2006 .

[8]  Sukanlaya Sawang,et al.  Are Country and Culture Values Interchangeable? , 2006 .

[9]  B. Cheon,et al.  Economic Crisis and Changes in Employment Relations in Japan and Korea , 2006 .

[10]  Bradley L. Kirkman,et al.  A quarter century of Culture's Consequences: a review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework , 2006 .

[11]  G. Johns The Essential Impact of Context on Organizational Behavior , 2006 .

[12]  Paul Wentges,et al.  Editorial for the Special Section , 2006 .

[13]  T. Jackson,et al.  Editorial: From Cultural Values to Cross Cultural Interfaces , 2006 .

[14]  Barry Gerhart,et al.  National culture and human resource management: assumptions and evidence , 2005 .

[15]  Miguel R. Olivas-Lujan,et al.  1 SEPTEMBER 11 , 2001 : TWO QUASI-EXPERIMENTS ON THE INFLUENCE OF THREATS ON CULTURAL VALUES AND COSMOPOLITANISM , 2004 .

[16]  Pearl Steinbuch,et al.  Compensation: Theory, Evidence and Strategic Implications , 2004 .

[17]  Wei He,et al.  Rewards-Allocation Preferences of Chinese Employees in the New Millennium: The Effects of Ownership Reform, Collectivism, and Goal Priority , 2004 .

[18]  Suresh Gopalan,et al.  Do Organizational Cultures Replicate National Cultures? Isomorphism, Rejection and Reciprocal Opposition in the Corporate Values of Three Countries , 2003 .

[19]  Ronald Fischer,et al.  Reward Allocation and Culture , 2003 .

[20]  Bryan S. Schaffer,et al.  A Review of Cross-Cultural Methodologies for Organizational Research: A Best- Practices Approach , 2003 .

[21]  R. Bhagat Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations , 2002 .

[22]  Peter J. Dowling,et al.  International compensation practices: a ten-country comparative analysis , 2002 .

[23]  O. Shenkar,et al.  Cultural distance revisited: Towards a more rigorous conceptualization and measurement of cultural differences , 2001 .

[24]  Joseph J. Martocchio,et al.  CHINESE AND AMERICAN MANAGERS' COMPENSATION AWARD DECISIONS: A COMPARATIVE POLICY‐CAPTURING STUDY , 2001 .

[25]  Paul Osterman,et al.  Work Reorganization in an Era of Restructuring: Trends in Diffusion and Effects on Employee Welfare , 2000 .

[26]  Kevin Au,et al.  Intra-cultural Variation: Evidence and Implications for International Business , 1999 .

[27]  H. Katz,et al.  Converging Divergences: Worldwide Changes in Employment Systems , 1999 .

[28]  M. Keaney Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business , 1999 .

[29]  T. Kostova Transnational Transfer of Strategic Organizational Practices: A Contextual Perspective , 1999 .

[30]  P. Bliese,et al.  Group Size and Measures of Group-Level Properties: An Examination of Eta-Squared and ICC Values , 1998 .

[31]  Harry C. Hui,et al.  Deciding on equity or parity: a test of situational, cultural, and individual factors , 1998 .

[32]  Randall S. Schuler,et al.  Understanding Compensation Practice Variations Across Firms: The Impact of National Culture , 1998 .

[33]  R. Kirk Practical Significance: A Concept Whose Time Has Come , 1996 .

[34]  F. Schmidt Statistical Significance Testing and Cumulative Knowledge in Psychology: Implications for Training of Researchers , 1996 .

[35]  Chao-chuan Chen,et al.  New Trends in Rewards Allocation Preferences: A Sino-U.S. Comparison , 1995 .

[36]  Jacob Cohen The earth is round (p < .05) , 1994 .

[37]  G. Hofstede Cultural constraints in management theories , 1993 .

[38]  N. Adler,et al.  The Parochial Dinosaur: Organizational Science in a Global Context , 1991 .

[39]  J. Barney Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage , 1991 .

[40]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. , 1990 .

[41]  P. Lachenbruch Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) , 1989 .

[42]  Harbir Singh,et al.  The Effect of National Culture on the Choice of Entry Mode , 1988 .

[43]  N. Adler International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior , 1986 .

[44]  G. Hofstede The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practices and Theories , 1983 .

[45]  R. Bhagat,et al.  Role of subjective culture in organizations: A review and directions for future research. , 1982 .

[46]  M. Bond,et al.  How Does Cultural Collectivism Operate? , 1982 .

[47]  G. Hofstede,et al.  Culture′s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values , 1980 .

[48]  J. Fleiss,et al.  Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability. , 1979, Psychological bulletin.

[49]  M. Deutsch Equity, Equality, and Need: What Determines Which Value Will Be Used as the Basis of Distributive Justice? , 1975 .

[50]  M. Mendenhall,et al.  The Japanese Management Metamorphosis:: What Western Executives Need to Know About Current Japanese Management Practices , 2007 .

[51]  Jongtae Choi Transformation of Korean HRM based on Confucian Values , 2004 .

[52]  Michael Morley,et al.  Human resource management in Europe : evidence of convergence ? , 2004 .

[53]  Heather M. Coon,et al.  Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[54]  G. Milkovich,et al.  A SHRM Perspective on International Compensation and Reward Systems , 1998 .

[55]  P. Earley,et al.  The transplanted executive : why you need to understand how workers in other countries see the world differntly , 1997 .

[56]  C. Hampden-Turner,et al.  Riding the Waves of Culture. Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business (3rd ed) , 1993 .

[57]  P. Hanges,et al.  A network model of organizational climate: Friendship clusters, subgroup agreement, and climate schemas , 2008 .

[58]  E. Schein Organizational Culture and Leadership , 1991 .