Typologies of Compulsive Buying Behavior: A Constrained Clusterwise Regression Approach

We present a theoretical framework that posits compulsive buying behavior as a function of various psychological processes and personality traits. We analyze data from actual consumers using a new constrained maximum likelihood clusterwise regression procedure to examine the nature of consumer heterogeneity in compulsive buying behavior. This empirical analysis distinguishes between 2 clusters, or groups, of compulsive buyers in terms of differential drivers of their compulsive buying. A posterior regression analysis reveals additional differences in background characteristics for each cluster. A discussion of future research issues and other applications is provided.

[1]  Sigmund Freud,et al.  Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety , 1926 .

[2]  K. Little,et al.  Two new experimental scales of the MMPI. , 1958, Journal of consulting psychology.

[3]  D. Marlowe,et al.  A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. , 1960, Journal of consulting psychology.

[4]  H. Teicher Identifiability of Mixtures , 1961 .

[5]  H. Teicher Identifiability of Finite Mixtures , 1963 .

[6]  J. Rotter Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. , 1966, Psychological monographs.

[7]  R. Lazarus Psychological stress and the coping process , 1970 .

[8]  A. Beck,et al.  Depression: Causes and Treatment , 1967 .

[9]  S. Yakowitz,et al.  On the Identifiability of Finite Mixtures , 1968 .

[10]  C. Spielberger,et al.  Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory , 1970 .

[11]  Sidney J. Yakowitz,et al.  Unsupervised learning and the identification of finite mixtures , 1970, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[12]  Donald B. Rubin,et al.  Max-imum Likelihood from Incomplete Data , 1972 .

[13]  D. Hosmer A Comparison of Iterative Maximum Likelihood Estimates of the Parameters of a Mixture of Two Normal Distributions Under Three Different Types of Sample , 1973 .

[14]  H. Akaike A new look at the statistical model identification , 1974 .

[15]  A. Beck,et al.  Assessment of depression: the depression inventory. , 1974, Modern problems of pharmacopsychiatry.

[16]  David David Maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of a mixture of two regression lines , 1974 .

[17]  J. Carlson,et al.  Measures of well-being: an empirical and critical assessment. , 1974, Journal of health and social behavior.

[18]  C. Lawson,et al.  Solving least squares problems , 1976, Classics in applied mathematics.

[19]  O. Kernberg Object-Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis. New York (Aronson) 1976. , 1976 .

[20]  D. Rubin,et al.  Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM - algorithm plus discussions on the paper , 1977 .

[21]  G. Schwarz Estimating the Dimension of a Model , 1978 .

[22]  S. Peele Redefining addiction II. The meaning of addiction in our lives. , 1979, Journal of psychedelic drugs.

[23]  M. Zuckerman Sensation Seeking : Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal , 1979 .

[24]  U. Olsson On The Robustness Of Factor Analysis Against Crude Classification Of The Observations. , 1979, Multivariate behavioral research.

[25]  S. Peele Addiction to an experience. , 1980, The American psychologist.

[26]  Roy L. Moore,et al.  The Role of Family Communication in Consumer Learning , 1981 .

[27]  R. A. Boyles On the Convergence of the EM Algorithm , 1983 .

[28]  New York Dover,et al.  ON THE CONVERGENCE PROPERTIES OF THE EM ALGORITHM , 1983 .

[29]  Wayne S. DeSarbo,et al.  Constrained classification: The use of a priori information in cluster analysis , 1984 .

[30]  H. Bozdogan,et al.  Multi-sample cluster analysis using Akaike's Information Criterion , 1984 .

[31]  Russell W. Belk,et al.  Three Scales to Measure Constructs Related to Materialism: Reliability, Validity, and Relationships to Measures of Happiness , 1984 .

[32]  R. Lennox,et al.  Revision of the self-monitoring scale. , 1984, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[33]  Jim Orford,et al.  Excessive Appetites: A Psychological View of Addictions , 1985 .

[34]  S. Peele,et al.  The meaning of addiction: Compulsive experience and its interpretation , 1985 .

[35]  A. F. Smith,et al.  Statistical analysis of finite mixture distributions , 1986 .

[36]  Mass Mediated Consumer Socialization: Non-Utilitarian and Dysfunctional Outcomes , 1987 .

[37]  Dennis W. Rook The Buying Impulse , 1987 .

[38]  H. Milkman,et al.  Craving for Ecstasy: The Consciousness and Chemistry of Escape , 1987 .

[39]  H. Bozdogan Model selection and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC): The general theory and its analytical extensions , 1987 .

[40]  W. DeSarbo,et al.  A maximum likelihood methodology for clusterwise linear regression , 1988 .

[41]  P E Nathan The addictive personality is the behavior of the addict. , 1988, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[42]  Ronald J. Faber,et al.  Compulsive consumption and credit abuse , 1988 .

[43]  A. d’Astous,et al.  Compulsive buying: Concept and measurement , 1988 .

[44]  S. Folkman,et al.  Ways of Coping Questionnaire Manual , 1988 .

[45]  Cary L. Cooper,et al.  Stress and health : issues in research methodology , 1988 .

[46]  A. Koehler,et al.  A Comparison of the Akaike and Schwarz Criteria for Selecting Model Order , 1988 .

[47]  An Examination of the Nature of a Problematic Consumer Behavior : Compulsive Purchasing as a Learned Adaptive Response, Addiction, and Personality Disorder , 1989 .

[48]  Dena S Cox,et al.  Deviant Consumer Behavior , 1989 .

[49]  R. Krych Abnormal Consumer Behavior: a Model of Addictive Behaviors , 1989 .

[50]  Ronald J. Faber,et al.  Compulsive Buying: A Phenomenological Exploration , 1989 .

[51]  Ronald J. Faber,et al.  Classifying Compulsive Consumers: Advances in the Development of a Diagnostic Tool , 1989 .

[52]  A. d’Astous,et al.  An inquiry into the compulsive side of “normal” consumers , 1990 .

[53]  Gerhard Scherhorn,et al.  The addictive trait in buying behaviour , 1990 .

[54]  G. Ger Measuring and Comparing Materialism Cross-Culturally , 1990 .

[55]  L. Reisch,et al.  Addictive buying in West Germany: An empirical study , 1990 .

[56]  Erika Nyman-Carlsson,et al.  Eating Disorder Inventory-2 , 1991 .

[57]  H. Milkman,et al.  Behavioral and neurochemical commonalities in addiction , 1991 .

[58]  Psychological Foundations of Economic Behavior , 1991 .

[59]  P. Keck,et al.  Treatment of Compulsive Shopping with Antidepressants: a Report of Three Cases , 1991 .

[60]  Michel Wedel,et al.  Latent class metric conjoint analysis , 1992 .

[61]  Ronald J. Faber,et al.  A Clinical Screener for Compulsive Buying , 1992 .

[62]  Ronald J. Faber,et al.  Money Changes Everything , 1992 .

[63]  E. Hirschman The Consciousness of Addiction: Toward a General Theory of Compulsive Consumption , 1992 .

[64]  A. Hanley,et al.  Compulsive buying: An exploration into self-esteem and money attitudes , 1992 .

[65]  O. Kernberg Object-relations theory and clinical psychoanalysis , 1993 .

[66]  J M Smith,et al.  Compulsive buying: a report of 20 cases. , 1994, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[67]  Ronald J. Faber,et al.  Compulsive buying: descriptive characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity. , 1994, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[68]  Ronald J. Faber,et al.  Two Forms of Compulsive Consumption: Comorbidity of Compulsive Buying and Binge Eating , 1995 .

[69]  Dennis W. Rook,et al.  Normative Influences on Impulsive Buying Behavior , 1995 .

[70]  Charles L. Lawson,et al.  Solving least squares problems , 1976, Classics in applied mathematics.

[71]  Rabikar Chatterjee,et al.  Analyzing Constant-Sum Multiple Criterion Data: A Segment-level Approach , 1995 .