In Situ Growth of All‐Inorganic Perovskite Single Crystal Arrays on Electron Transport Layer

Directly growing perovskite single crystals on charge carrier transport layers will unravel a promising route for the development of emerging optoelectronic devices. Herein, in situ growth of high‐quality all‐inorganic perovskite (CsPbBr3) single crystal arrays (PeSCAs) on cubic zinc oxide (c‐ZnO) is reported, which is used as an inorganic electron transport layer in optoelectronic devices, via a facile spin‐coating method. The PeSCAs consist of rectangular thin microplatelets of 6–10 µm in length and 2–3 µm in width. The deposited c‐ZnO enables the formation of phase‐pure and highly crystallized cubic perovskites via an epitaxial lattice coherence of (100)CsPbBr3∥(100)c‐ZnO, which is further confirmed by grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. The PeSCAs demonstrate a significant structural stability of 26 days with a 9 days excellent photoluminescence stability in ambient environment, which is much superior to the perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs). The high crystallinity of the PeSCAs allows for a lower density of trap states, longer carrier lifetimes, and narrower energetic disorder for excitons, which leads to a faster diffusion rate than PeNCs. These results unravel the possibility of creating the interface toward c‐ZnO heterogeneous layer, which is a major step for the realization of a better integration of perovskites and charge carrier transport layers.

[1]  H. Morkoç,et al.  A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ZNO MATERIALS AND DEVICES , 2005 .

[2]  Yadong Yin,et al.  All-Inorganic Metal Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: Opportunities and Challenges , 2018, ACS central science.

[3]  Bo Wang,et al.  Morphology Evolution and Degradation of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals under Blue Light-Emitting Diode Illumination. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[4]  Yiping Wang,et al.  High‐Temperature Ionic Epitaxy of Halide Perovskite Thin Film and the Hidden Carrier Dynamics , 2017, Advanced materials.

[5]  Benjamin Foley,et al.  Temperature dependent energy levels of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite , 2015 .

[6]  L. Quan,et al.  Perovskite light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiency exceeding 20 per cent , 2018, Nature.

[7]  J. Switzer,et al.  Spin coating epitaxial films , 2019, Science.

[8]  H. Zeng,et al.  Space‐Confined Growth of CsPbBr3 Film Achieving Photodetectors with High Performance in All Figures of Merit , 2018, Advanced Functional Materials.

[9]  H. Zeng,et al.  Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Inorganic Perovskite Cesium Lead Halides (CsPbX3) , 2015, Advanced materials.

[10]  N. Wang,et al.  Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on spontaneously formed submicrometre-scale structures , 2018, Nature.

[11]  H. Demir,et al.  Inorganic Halide Perovskites for Efficient Light-Emitting Diodes. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[12]  Qingfeng Dong,et al.  Highly narrowband perovskite single-crystal photodetectors enabled by surface-charge recombination , 2015, Nature Photonics.

[13]  Xiaogang Peng,et al.  Epitaxial Growth of Highly Luminescent CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanocrystals with Photostability and Electronic Accessibility , 1997 .

[14]  M. Al-Marri,et al.  Photo-stability of CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots for optoelectronic application , 2016, Science China Materials.

[15]  Q. Akkerman,et al.  Role of Nonradiative Defects and Environmental Oxygen on Exciton Recombination Processes in CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals , 2017, Nano letters.

[16]  A. Burger,et al.  High spectral resolution of gamma-rays at room temperature by perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystals , 2018, Nature Communications.

[17]  Tian Jiang,et al.  Temperature-dependent excitonic photoluminescence excited by two-photon absorption in perovskite CsPbBr3 quantum dots. , 2016, Optics letters.

[18]  Q. Akkerman,et al.  Nearly Monodisperse Insulator Cs4PbX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) Nanocrystals, Their Mixed Halide Compositions, and Their Transformation into CsPbX3 Nanocrystals , 2017, Nano letters.

[19]  Hui Bian,et al.  3D–2D–0D Interface Profiling for Record Efficiency All‐Inorganic CsPbBrI2 Perovskite Solar Cells with Superior Stability , 2018 .

[20]  A. Rogach,et al.  Trifluoroacetate induced small-grained CsPbBr3 perovskite films result in efficient and stable light-emitting devices , 2019, Nature Communications.

[21]  P. P. González-Borrero,et al.  Exciton localization and temperature stability in self‐organized InAs quantum dots , 1996 .

[22]  Dang Sheng Su,et al.  Assembly of three-dimensional hetero-epitaxial ZnO/ZnS core/shell nanorod and single crystalline hollow ZnS nanotube arrays. , 2012, ACS nano.

[23]  Zhang Jiang,et al.  GIXSGUI: a MATLAB toolbox for grazing‐incidence X‐ray scattering data visualization and reduction, and indexing of buried three‐dimensional periodic nanostructured films , 2015 .

[24]  Liyuan Han,et al.  In Situ Grain Boundary Functionalization for Stable and Efficient Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells , 2018, Advanced Energy Materials.

[25]  Namchul Cho,et al.  Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskite Single Crystals: Phase‐Selective Low‐Temperature Growth, Carrier Transport Properties, and Self‐Powered Photodetection , 2017 .

[26]  Ru‐Shi Liu,et al.  Perovskite Quantum Dots and Their Application in Light-Emitting Diodes. , 2018, Small.

[27]  Youyong Li,et al.  High Polymer/Fullerene Ratio Realized in Efficient Polymer Solar Cells by Tailoring of the Polymer Side‐Chains , 2014, Advanced materials.

[28]  R. Döhrmann,et al.  P03, the microfocus and nanofocus X-ray scattering (MiNaXS) beamline of the PETRA III storage ring: the microfocus endstation , 2012, Journal of synchrotron radiation.

[29]  Jun Lin,et al.  An overview on enhancing the stability of lead halide perovskite quantum dots and their applications in phosphor-converted LEDs. , 2019, Chemical Society reviews.

[30]  Dan Wu,et al.  Lead Sulfide Quantum Dot Photodetector with Enhanced Responsivity through a Two-Step Ligand-Exchange Method , 2019, ACS Applied Nano Materials.

[31]  W. Shen,et al.  A Facile Self-assembly Synthesis of Hexagonal ZnO Nanosheet Films and Their Photoelectrochemical Properties , 2015, Nano-micro letters.

[32]  Zhigang Zang,et al.  Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with a High Fill Factor and Negligible Hysteresis by the Dual Effect of NaCl-Doped PEDOT:PSS. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[33]  Hua Zhou,et al.  Low‐Temperature Absorption, Photoluminescence, and Lifetime of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) Nanocrystals , 2018 .

[34]  Jenny Nelson,et al.  Evidence for ion migration in hybrid perovskite solar cells with minimal hysteresis , 2016, Nature communications.

[35]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Effects of Thermal Annealing Upon the Morphology of Polymer–Fullerene Blends , 2010 .

[36]  Christopher H. Hendon,et al.  Nanocrystals of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I): Novel Optoelectronic Materials Showing Bright Emission with Wide Color Gamut , 2015, Nano letters.

[37]  H. Zeng,et al.  Switching excitonic recombination and carrier trapping in cesium lead halide perovskites by air , 2018, Communications Physics.

[38]  Z. Yin,et al.  Ultra-bright and highly efficient inorganic based perovskite light-emitting diodes , 2017, Nature Communications.

[39]  P. Müller‐Buschbaum A Basic Introduction to Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering , 2009 .

[40]  L. Quan,et al.  Highly Emissive Green Perovskite Nanocrystals in a Solid State Crystalline Matrix , 2017, Advanced materials.

[41]  C. Shan,et al.  High-Efficiency and Air-Stable Perovskite Quantum Dots Light-Emitting Diodes with an All-Inorganic Heterostructure. , 2017, Nano letters.

[42]  Nitin Saxena,et al.  Structure and Charge Carrier Dynamics in Colloidal PbS Quantum Dot Solids. , 2019, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[43]  M. Kovalenko,et al.  Solution-Grown CsPbBr3 Perovskite Single Crystals for Photon Detection , 2016, Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society.

[44]  Chem. , 2020, Catalysis from A to Z.

[45]  T. Chen,et al.  All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[46]  Xiaojuan Sun,et al.  Employing Polar Solvent Controlled Ionization in Precursors for Synthesis of High‐Quality Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals at Room Temperature , 2018 .

[47]  X. W. Sun,et al.  Thin film perovskite light-emitting diode based on CsPbBr3 powders and interfacial engineering , 2017 .

[48]  Shuai Chang,et al.  In Situ Fabricated Perovskite Nanocrystals: A Revolution in Optical Materials , 2018, Advanced Optical Materials.

[49]  Xingyuan Liu,et al.  Efficient Inorganic Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with Polyethylene Glycol Passivated Ultrathin CsPbBr3 Films. , 2017, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[50]  X. W. Sun,et al.  Bright and efficient light-emitting diodes based on MA/Cs double cation perovskite nanocrystals , 2017 .

[51]  Haibo Zeng,et al.  Improving All-Inorganic Perovskite Photodetectors by Preferred Orientation and Plasmonic Effect. , 2016, Small.

[52]  H. Zeng,et al.  CsPbX3 Quantum Dots for Lighting and Displays: Room‐Temperature Synthesis, Photoluminescence Superiorities, Underlying Origins and White Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2016 .

[53]  K. Yager,et al.  Inverse Temperature Dependence of Charge Carrier Hopping in Quantum Dot Solids. , 2018, ACS nano.

[54]  Lijian Huang,et al.  Room-temperature and gram-scale synthesis of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals with 50-85% photoluminescence quantum yields. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[55]  Zhenda Lu,et al.  A systematic study of the synthesis of cesium lead halide nanocrystals: does Cs4PbBr6 or CsPbBr3 form? , 2019, Nanoscale.

[56]  Se-Young Jeong,et al.  Structural reconstruction of hexagonal to cubic ZnO films on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate by annealing , 2003 .

[57]  Oleksandr Voznyy,et al.  Highly Efficient Perovskite‐Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes by Surface Engineering , 2016, Advanced materials.

[58]  Jiansheng Jie,et al.  Aligned Single‐Crystalline Perovskite Microwire Arrays for High‐Performance Flexible Image Sensors with Long‐Term Stability , 2016, Advanced materials.

[59]  Liang Li,et al.  Highly Luminescent and Ultrastable CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots Incorporated into a Silica/Alumina Monolith. , 2017, Angewandte Chemie.