The sensitivity of vehicle-to-grid revenues to plug-in electric vehicle battery size and EVSE power rating

This work uses a two-stage stochastic program (SP) to simulate a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system operator participating in an electricity market to provide frequency regulation. The model developed for this work challenges four principal assumptions used in V2G models in the literature: the V2G system operator as a price taker; pre-scheduled vehicle use; deterministic vehicle state-of-charge; and deterministic regulation deployments. The results shown focus specifically on the effect of PEV battery size and PEV charging station (EVSE) power rating on V2G operator revenues and potential compensation for V2G program participants. These results indicate that battery size has a limited effect, but that increasing EVSE power rating can significantly increase revenues and compensation. Consequently, for the battery sizes in most PEVs, the V2G operator's market participation is constrained by available power, not energy, which is consistent with the magnitudes and time scales of typical frequency regulation deployments.