Bioprinting of Cartilage: Recent Progress on Bioprinting of Cartilage

Abstract The number of osteoarthritis cases is booming. Due to the depth-dependent structures, complex contents, and specific properties of articular cartilage, it would be a challenge using current technologies to meet all these requirements. Instead, bioprinting shows the potential to reconstruct the fine structure of cartilage because it can selectively print cells and biomaterials to organize the spatial distribution of the extracellular matrix, signals, cells, and so on. This chapter will give a review on the recent progress of cartilage bioprinting, including some basic concepts, blueprint, cell sources, natural and synthetic materials used, key parameters such as stimulating factors and bioreactors, and preclinical animal models for bioprinted cartilage tissues.

[1]  B. Obradovic,et al.  Integration of engineered cartilage , 2001, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[2]  C. V. van Donkelaar,et al.  Finite Element Analysis of Meniscal Anatomical 3D Scaffolds: Implications for Tissue Engineering , 2007, The open biomedical engineering journal.

[3]  K. Marra,et al.  Controlled in vivo degradation of genipin crosslinked polyethylene glycol hydrogels within osteochondral defects. , 2006, Tissue engineering.

[4]  Xiang Deng,et al.  Diffusion tensor imaging of native and degenerated human articular cartilage. , 2007, Magnetic resonance imaging.

[5]  T. Ochi,et al.  Articular cartilage repair. Rabbit experiments with a collagen gel-biomatrix and chondrocytes cultured in it. , 1998, Acta orthopaedica Scandinavica.

[6]  Mauro Alini,et al.  The use of biodegradable polyurethane scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering: potential and limitations. , 2003, Biomaterials.

[7]  Y. Tabata,et al.  Growth factor-mediated effects on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in 3D semi-IPN poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(caprolactone) scaffolds. , 2010, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[8]  A. Engel.  Osteoarthritis and body measurements. , 1968, Vital and health statistics. Series 11, Data from the National Health Survey.

[9]  M D McKee,et al.  Tissue engineering of cartilage using an injectable and adhesive chitosan-based cell-delivery vehicle. , 2005, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[10]  Marcy Wong,et al.  Modelling cartilage mechanobiology. , 2003, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[11]  W. B. van den Berg,et al.  Analysis of changes in proteoglycan content in murine articular cartilage using image analysis. , 1994, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[12]  T. Aigner,et al.  Expression of collagen types IX and XI and other major cartilage matrix components by human fetal chondrocytes in vivo. , 1996, Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology.

[13]  Robert L Sah,et al.  Tissue engineering of articular cartilage with biomimetic zones. , 2009, Tissue engineering. Part B, Reviews.

[14]  T. Matsuda,et al.  System-engineered cartilage using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-grafted gelatin as in situ-formable scaffold: in vivo performance. , 2003, Tissue engineering.

[15]  A. Poole,et al.  Composition and structure of articular cartilage: a template for tissue repair. , 2001, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[16]  Martin Underwood,et al.  Osteoarthritis: national clinical guideline for care and management in adults , 2008 .

[17]  H. Wurst,et al.  Suppression of adverse angiogenesis in an albumin-based hydrogel for articular cartilage and intervertebral disc regeneration. , 2010, European cells & materials.

[18]  Christopher J. Taylor,et al.  Construction of 3D Shape Models of Femoral Articular Cartilage Using Harmonic Maps , 2000, MICCAI.

[19]  C. L. Murphy,et al.  Topographical variation in glycosaminoglycan content in human articular cartilage. , 2006, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume.

[20]  A Barneveld,et al.  Topographical mapping of biochemical properties of articular cartilage in the equine fetlock joint. , 2000, Equine veterinary journal.

[21]  K. Marra,et al.  Injectable in situ forming biodegradable chitosan-hyaluronic acid based hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[22]  Keita Ito,et al.  Tissue engineering of functional articular cartilage: the current status , 2011, Cell and Tissue Research.

[23]  T Lapveteläinen,et al.  Decreased birefringence of the superficial zone collagen network in the canine knee (stifle) articular cartilage after long distance running training, detected by quantitative polarised light microscopy. , 1996, Annals of the rheumatic diseases.

[24]  Ching-Chuan Jiang,et al.  Repair of porcine articular cartilage defect with a biphasic osteochondral composite , 2007, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[25]  Daniel Howard,et al.  Zonal release of proteins within tissue engineering scaffolds , 2006, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[26]  N. Südkamp,et al.  Results after microfracture of full-thickness chondral defects in different compartments in the knee. , 2006, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[27]  Soon Hee Kim,et al.  The use of fibrin and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) hybrid scaffold for articular cartilage tissue engineering: an in vivo analysis. , 2008, European cells & materials.

[28]  M. Fussenegger,et al.  Stabilized Autologous Fibrin-Chondrocyte Constructs for Cartilage Repair in Vivo , 2003, Annals of plastic surgery.

[29]  J M Pope,et al.  Structural adaptations in compressed articular cartilage measured by diffusion tensor imaging. , 2008, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[30]  A. Nixon,et al.  Equine Models of Articular Cartilage Repair , 2011, Cartilage.

[31]  Seonghun Park,et al.  Functional tissue engineering of chondral and osteochondral constructs. , 2004, Biorheology.

[32]  R.M. Capito,et al.  Scaffold-based articular cartilage repair , 2003, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine.

[33]  F. Guilak,et al.  Simultaneous changes in the mechanical properties, quantitative collagen organization, and proteoglycan concentration of articular cartilage following canine meniscectomy , 2000, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[34]  A. Kangarlu,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging characterization of osteochondral defect repair in a goat model at 8 T. , 2006, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[35]  G. Balian,et al.  Chondrocyte transplantation into articular cartilage defects with use of calcium alginate: the fate of the cells. , 2003, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[36]  K. Na,et al.  Transplantation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-vinylimidazole) hydrogel constructs composed of rabbit chondrocytes and growth factor-loaded nanoparticles for neocartilage formation , 2009, Biotechnology Letters.

[37]  Sunny Kim.  Changes in surgical loads and economic burden of hip and knee replacements in the US: 1997-2004. , 2008, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[38]  W. Richter,et al.  Chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells: role of tissue source and inducing factors , 2010, Stem Cell Research & Therapy.

[39]  S. Cook,et al.  Repair of Articular Cartilage Defects with Osteogenic Protein-1 (BMP-7) in Dogs , 2003, The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume.

[40]  Thomas Brett Kirk,et al.  High-resolution measurements of the multilayer ultra-structure of articular cartilage and their translational potential , 2014, Arthritis Research & Therapy.

[41]  Alan Grodzinsky,et al.  Tissue-engineered composites for the repair of large osteochondral defects. , 2002, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[42]  H. Potter,et al.  MR Imaging Tools to Assess Cartilage and Joint Structures , 2012, HSS Journal.

[43]  Jason A Burdick,et al.  Engineering cartilage tissue. , 2008, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[44]  T. Klein,et al.  In vitro physical stimulation of tissue-engineered and native cartilage. , 2004, Methods in molecular medicine.

[45]  C. Archer,et al.  Current strategies for articular cartilage repair. , 2005, European cells & materials.

[46]  D. Amiel,et al.  Donor Cell Fate in Tissue Engineering for Articular Cartilage Repair , 2001, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[47]  Y. Xia,et al.  The depth-dependent anisotropy of articular cartilage by Fourier-transform infrared imaging (FTIRI). , 2007, Osteoarthritis and cartilage.

[48]  M. Yaremchuk,et al.  Injectable tissue-engineered cartilage using a fibrin glue polymer. , 1999, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[49]  Y. Lanir,et al.  Poly(ethylene glycol)‐based hydrogels as cartilage substitutes: Synthesis and mechanical characteristics , 2009 .

[50]  Hod Lipson,et al.  Direct Freeform Fabrication of Seeded Hydrogels in Arbitrary Geometries , 2022 .

[51]  Jos Malda,et al.  Biofabrication of osteochondral tissue equivalents by printing topologically defined, cell-laden hydrogel scaffolds. , 2012, Tissue engineering. Part C, Methods.

[52]  Xiaohong Bi,et al.  Fourier transform infrared imaging and MR microscopy studies detect compositional and structural changes in cartilage in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[53]  S. Gabriel,et al.  Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. , 2008, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[54]  Jukka S Jurvelin,et al.  Practical considerations in the use of polarized light microscopy in the analysis of the collagen network in articular cartilage , 2008, Microscopy research and technique.

[55]  W. Hennink,et al.  Hydrogels as extracellular matrices for skeletal tissue engineering: state-of-the-art and novel application in organ printing. , 2007, Tissue engineering.

[56]  R. Kandel,et al.  Integration of Tissue-engineered Cartilage With Host Cartilage: An In Vitro Model , 2011, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[57]  D. D’Lima,et al.  Direct human cartilage repair using three-dimensional bioprinting technology. , 2012, Tissue engineering. Part A.