Cr speciation in foodstuffs, biological and environmental samples: Methodological approaches and analytical challenges – A critical review

Abstract In studies of impact of Cr on the environment and living organisms, speciation analysis plays a crucial role. To obtain reliable data on Cr speciation it is important to preserve species integrity during all steps of the analytical procedure. It is also crucial that for each sample matrix an appropriate speciation technique is applied. Non-chromatographic techniques were frequently applied for speciation of Cr, but their use was not always appropriate for complex sample matrices. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was proven to be the most sensitive and reliable analytical tool for Cr speciation analysis. In the present critical review special attention is focused on the significance of the use of adequate analytical methodologies for speciation of Cr in foodstuffs, biological and environmental samples. The analytical challenges and further needs of the development of Cr speciation techniques are also argued.

[1]  Vasile I. Furdui,et al.  Ultra-trace level speciated isotope dilution measurement of Cr(VI) using ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in environmental waters. , 2016, Talanta.

[2]  J. Ščančar,et al.  Simultaneous speciation analysis of chromate, molybdate, tungstate and vanadate in welding fume alkaline extracts by HPLC-ICP-MS. , 2015, Talanta.

[3]  I. Sponne,et al.  Evaluation of chromium in red blood cells as an indicator of exposure to hexavalent chromium: An in vitro study. , 2016, Toxicology letters.

[4]  David Branagan,et al.  Electrochemical detection of Cr(VI) with carbon nanotubes decorated with gold nanoparticles , 2018, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry.

[5]  A. Salifoglou,et al.  pH-specific synthesis and spectroscopic, structural, and magnetic studies of a chromium(III)-citrate species. Aqueous solution speciation of the binary chromium(III)-citrate system. , 2007, Inorganic chemistry.

[6]  Ana Drinčić,et al.  Determination of hexavalent Cr in river sediments by speciated isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. , 2018, The Science of the total environment.

[7]  I. Ferreira,et al.  Quantification of total and hexavalent chromium in lager beers: variability between styles and estimation of daily intake of chromium from beer. , 2014, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[8]  A. Islam,et al.  A graphene oxide decorated with triethylenetetramine-modified magnetite for separation of chromium species prior to their sequential speciation and determination via FAAS , 2015, Microchimica Acta.

[9]  Shengping Wen,et al.  Directly suspended droplet microextraction coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of chromium(III)/chromium(VI) , 2014 .

[10]  Xiangke Wang,et al.  Synergistic removal and reduction of U(VI) and Cr(VI) by Fe3S4 micro-crystal , 2020 .

[11]  S. Ng,et al.  Synthesis of yellow fluorescent carbon dots and their application to the determination of chromium(III) with selectivity improved by pH tuning , 2016, Microchimica Acta.

[12]  Speciation in the chromium(III)-glutathione system , 2004 .

[13]  J. Ščančar,et al.  Preparation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) isotopic spike solutions from 50Cr and 53Cr enriched oxides without the use of oxidizing and/or reducing agents. , 2012, Talanta.

[14]  J. Ščančar,et al.  Content of trace elements and chromium speciation in Neem powder and tea infusions. , 2015, Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements.

[15]  S. Sadeghi,et al.  Chromium speciation using task specific ionic liquid/aqueous phase biphasic system combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry , 2016 .

[16]  Jinshun Zhao,et al.  Carcinogenicity of chromium and chemoprevention: a brief update , 2017, OncoTargets and therapy.

[17]  Raymond Vincent,et al.  Occupational exposure to chrome VI compounds in French companies: results of a national campaign to measure exposure (2010-2013). , 2015, The Annals of occupational hygiene.

[18]  Shiuh-Jen Jiang,et al.  Speciation of chromium in edible animal oils after microwave extraction and liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry , 2016 .

[19]  E. G. Vinokurov,et al.  Prediction of Stability Constants for Cr(III) and Cr(II) Complexes , 2003 .

[20]  G. Guibaud,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in freshwaters with a single Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films device. , 2016, Talanta.

[21]  A. Ellis,et al.  Chromium Isotopes and the Fate of Hexavalent Chromium in the Environment , 2002, Science.

[22]  A. C. Sahayam,et al.  Microwave assisted extraction of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from soil/sediments combined with ion exchange separation and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry detection , 2014 .

[23]  T. Maeder,et al.  Screen-printed electrodes for electroanalytical sensing, of chromium VI in strong acid media , 2014 .

[24]  P. Rodríguez-González,et al.  Quantification of Cr(VI) in soil samples from a contaminated area in northern Italy by isotope dilution mass spectrometry , 2015, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[25]  Ermias A. Haile,et al.  Determination of Spatial Chromium Contamination of the Environment around Industrial Zones , 2016, International journal of analytical chemistry.

[26]  B. Bogdanov,et al.  Spectrophotometric Determination of Hexavalent Chromium Content in Commercial Cement – an Assessment of the Optimal Conditions for the Analysis of Chromium (VI) , 2012 .

[27]  J. Braybrook,et al.  Complementary HPLC-ICP-MS and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy for speciation analysis of chromium in tobacco samples , 2016 .

[28]  J. Ščančar,et al.  Chromate in food samples: an artefact of wrongly applied analytical methodology? , 2013 .

[29]  K. Pyrzyńska.  Redox speciation of chromium using sorption-based systems , 2012 .

[30]  Irena Nikolić,et al.  Simultaneous speciation of chromate, arsenate, molybdate and vanadate in alkaline samples by HPLC-ICP-MS at different concentration levels of vanadate , 2017 .

[31]  R. Retnowati,et al.  METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR DETERMINATION OF THE CHROMIUM (Cr) SPECIES IN WATER SAMPLES BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY WITH DIPHENYLCARBAZIDE , 2018 .

[32]  S. Hill,et al.  Atomic Spectrometry Update: review of advances in elemental speciation , 2015, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry.

[33]  Speciation of Chromium in Water Samples after Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction, and Detection by Means of High-Resolution Continuum Source Atomic Absorption Spectrometry , 2016 .

[34]  B. Leśniewska,et al.  Chromium Speciation in Wastewater and Sewage by Solid-Phase Extraction Using a New Diphenylcarbazone-Incorporated Resin , 2016, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution.

[35]  Jianrong Chen,et al.  Efficient elimination of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using sodium dodecyl sulfate intercalated molybdenum disulfide. , 2019, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[36]  J. Cleary,et al.  Chromium Monitoring in Water by Colorimetry Using Optimised 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide Method , 2019, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[37]  Á. Faz,et al.  Geochemical speciation of chromium related to sediments properties in the riverbed contaminated by tannery effluents , 2017, Journal of Soils and Sediments.

[38]  D. Agrelli,et al.  Hexavalent chromium quantification by isotope dilution mass spectrometry in potentially contaminated soils from south Italy. , 2019, Chemosphere.

[39]  N. Panichev,et al.  Speciation of chromium in bread and breakfast cereals. , 2017, Food chemistry.

[40]  Determination of hexavalent chromium in aqueous and alkaline soil extracts , 2016 .

[41]  Wei Jin,et al.  Recent advances in electrochemical detection of toxic Cr(VI) , 2015 .

[42]  Vojtech Adam,et al.  Electrochemical speciation analysis for simultaneous determination of Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) using an activated glassy carbon electrode. , 2016, The Analyst.

[43]  A. Gómez-Caballero,et al.  A novel strategy for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) analysis in dietary supplements by speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry. , 2016, Talanta.

[44]  J. Ščančar,et al.  The determination of Cr(VI) in corrosion protection coatings by speciated isotope dilution ICP-MS , 2012 .

[45]  Shizhong Chen,et al.  Speciation of chromium and its distribution in tea leaves and tea infusion using titanium dioxide nanotubes packed microcolumn coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. , 2014, Food chemistry.

[46]  B. Leśniewska,et al.  Speciation of Chromium in Alkaline Soil Extracts by an Ion-Pair Reversed Phase HPLC-ICP MS Method , 2019, Molecules.

[47]  Erkan Yilmaz,et al.  Nanomaterial's based chromium speciation in environmental samples: A review , 2018, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry.

[48]  M. J. Silva,et al.  Setting up a collaborative European human biological monitoring study on occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. , 2019, Environmental research.

[49]  A. M. Beigi,et al.  Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on task-specific ionic liquids for determination and speciation of chromium in human blood , 2015, Journal of Analytical Chemistry.

[50]  M. Bilal,et al.  Vortex-assisted ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for assessment of chromium species in artificial saliva extract of different chewing tobacco products , 2016, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[51]  Jianrong Chen,et al.  Ultrahigh sorption and reduction of Cr(VI) by two novel core-shell composites combined with Fe3O4 and MoS2. , 2019, Journal of hazardous materials.

[52]  S. Sen,et al.  Removal of chromium from industrial effluents using nanotechnology: a review , 2017, Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering.

[53]  P. Nomngongo,et al.  Preconcentration and speciation of chromium species using ICP-OES after ultrasound-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction with an amino-modified magnetic nanocomposite prepared from Fe3O4, MnO2 and Al2O3 , 2017, Microchimica Acta.

[54]  C. Lidén,et al.  Chromium(III) and chromium(VI) release from leather during 8 months of simulated use , 2016, Contact dermatitis.

[55]  S. García-Martín,et al.  Graphene and carbon nanotubes as solid phase extraction sorbents for the speciation of chromium: A review. , 2018, Analytica chimica acta.

[56]  A. Hofmann,et al.  Hexavalent chromium quantification in solution: Comparing direct UV–visible spectrometry with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide colorimetry , 2018, Comptes Rendus Chimie.

[57]  Xian Zhang,et al.  Development of a novel, fast, sensitive method for chromium speciation in wastewater based on an organic polymer as solid phase extraction material combined with HPLC-ICP-MS. , 2016, Talanta.

[58]  Ye Liu.  Electrodeposited AuNPs/rGO Nanocomposite as sensor for Cr(VI) Determination in Water , 2018, International Journal of Electrochemical Science.

[59]  B. Oboirien,et al.  Origins, roles and fate of organic acids in soils: A review , 2017 .

[60]  Nabeel Khan Niazi,et al.  Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: A review. , 2017, Chemosphere.

[61]  L. B. Sukla,et al.  Recent bioreduction of hexavalent chromium in wastewater treatment: A review , 2017 .

[62]  P. A. Lay,et al.  Binding of chromium(VI) to histones: implications for chromium(VI)-induced genotoxicity , 2006, JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry.

[63]  Jingming Gong,et al.  Ultrasensitive photoelectrochemical determination of chromium(VI) in water samples by ion-imprinted/formate anion-incorporated graphitic carbon nitride nanostructured hybrid. , 2016, Journal of hazardous materials.

[64]  K. K. Onchoke,et al.  Determination of Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)) Concentrations via Ion Chromatography and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry in Samples Collected from Nacogdoches Wastewater Treatment Plant, East Texas (USA) , 2016 .

[65]  E. Marguí,et al.  Determination and speciation of ultratrace arsenic and chromium species using aluminium oxide supported on graphene oxide. , 2018, Talanta.

[66]  M. Bilal,et al.  Application of modified cloud point extraction method for the chromium speciation in artificial saliva extracts of different snuff products , 2017 .

[67]  D. Barałkiewicz,et al.  Chromium and its speciation in water samples by HPLC/ICP-MS--technique establishing metrological traceability: a review since 2000. , 2015, Talanta.

[68]  S. Sadeghi,et al.  Task-specific ionic liquid based in situ dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the sequential extraction and determination of chromium species: optimization by experimental design , 2015 .

[69]  Richard A. Anderson,et al.  Elevated Intakes of Supplemental Chromium Improve Glucose and Insulin Variables in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes , 1997, Diabetes.

[70]  Junlian Qiao,et al.  Multi-wavelength spectrophotometric determination of Cr(VI) in water with ABTS. , 2017, Chemosphere.

[71]  Santhy Wyantuti,et al.  Voltammetric Determination of Cr(VI) Using Gold Nanoparticles-modified Glassy Carbon Electrode , 2015 .

[72]  E. Reiner,et al.  Trace-Level Analysis of Hexavalent Chromium in Lake Sediment Samples Using Ion Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry , 2016 .

[73]  D. Milde,et al.  Study of chromium species release from metal implants in blood and joint effusion: Utilization of HPLC-ICP-MS. , 2018, Talanta.

[74]  G. K. Raju,et al.  Understanding Pharmaceutical Quality by Design , 2014, The AAPS Journal.

[75]  P. Jitaru,et al.  Development and application of a method for Cr(III) determination in dairy products by HPLC-ICP-MS. , 2018, Food chemistry.

[76]  F. Séby,et al.  Cr(VI) speciation in foods by HPLC-ICP-MS: investigation of Cr(VI)/food interactions by size exclusion and Cr(VI) determination and stability by ion-exchange on-line separations , 2015, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

[77]  H. Mousavi,et al.  Chromium speciation in human blood samples based on acetyl cysteine by dispersive liquid-liquid biomicroextraction and in-vitro evaluation of acetyl cysteine/cysteine for decreasing of hexavalent chromium concentration. , 2016, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.

[78]  M. L. Felsner,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the chromium speciation in water samples. , 2019, Talanta.

[79]  R. Milačič,et al.  Critical evaluation of three analytical techniques for the determination of chromium(VI) in soil extracts , 1992 .

[80]  J. Brandão-Neto,et al.  Beneficial effects of oral chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized clinical study. , 2015, Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements.

[81]  F. Séby,et al.  Critical assessment of hexavalent chromium species from different solid environmental, industrial and food matrices , 2017, TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry.

[82]  G. Rahman,et al.  Optimization and validation of strategies for quantifying chromium species in soil based on speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry with mass balance , 2014 .

[83]  J. Ščančar,et al.  A critical overview of Cr speciation analysis based on high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometric techniques , 2014 .

[84]  Susan Sadeghi,et al.  Solid-phase extraction and HPLC-UV detection of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using ionic liquid-functionalized silica as a hydrophobic sorbent , 2014 .

[85]  Ratana Sananmuang,et al.  Surfactant-assisted emulsification dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone as a chelating agent coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of chromium in water and rice samples. , 2018, Food chemistry.

[86]  I. López-García,et al.  Non-chromatographic speciation of chromium at sub-ppb levels using cloud point extraction in the presence of unmodified silver nanoparticles. , 2015, Talanta.

[87]  H. Shirkhanloo,et al.  Cloud point assisted dispersive ionic liquid -liquid microextraction for chromium speciation in human blood samples based on isopropyl 2-[(isopropoxycarbothiolyl)disulfanyl] ethane thioate , 2016 .

[88]  D. Milde,et al.  Recent advances in chromium speciation in biological samples , 2019, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy.

[89]  Rahmiana Zein,et al.  Electrochemical Determination of Chromium(VI) in River Water with Gold Nanoparticles-Graphene Nanocomposites Modified Electrodes. , 2018, Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry.