Fuel ethanol production: process design trends and integration opportunities.

Current fuel ethanol research and development deals with process engineering trends for improving biotechnological production of ethanol. In this work, the key role that process design plays during the development of cost-effective technologies is recognized through the analysis of major trends in process synthesis, modeling, simulation and optimization related to ethanol production. Main directions in techno-economical evaluation of fuel ethanol processes are described as well as some prospecting configurations. The most promising alternatives for compensating ethanol production costs by the generation of valuable co-products are analyzed. Opportunities for integration of fuel ethanol production processes and their implications are underlined. Main ways of process intensification through reaction-reaction, reaction-separation and separation-separation processes are analyzed in the case of bioethanol production. Some examples of energy integration during ethanol production are also highlighted. Finally, some concluding considerations on current and future research tendencies in fuel ethanol production regarding process design and integration are presented.

[1]  Mark Ruth,et al.  Process Design and Costing of Bioethanol Technology: A Tool for Determining the Status and Direction of Research and Development , 1999, Biotechnology progress.

[2]  D. N. Mowat,et al.  Integrated systems of producing beef and ethanol from fractionated maize silage , 1985 .

[3]  Carl-Fredrik Mandenius,et al.  Retrofit of continuous ethanol fermentation of low concentration sugar solutions by addition of a second, concentrated sugar feed. , 1995 .

[4]  J M Novais,et al.  Production of ethanol by immobilized Saccharomyces bayanus in an extractive fermentation system , 1987, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[5]  M. Ruth,et al.  Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis Current and Futuristic Scenarios , 1999 .

[6]  Yan Lin,et al.  Ethanol fermentation from biomass resources: current state and prospects , 2006, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[7]  Jean-Pierre Corriou,et al.  Dynamic simulation of an industrial fed-batch alcoholic workshop , 1993 .

[8]  L. Lynd,et al.  Toward an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Noncomplexed cellulase systems , 2004, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[9]  T. Leathers,et al.  Isolation of astaxanthin-overproducing mutants of Phaffia rhodozyma , 1997, Biotechnology Letters.

[10]  Amit Kumar,et al.  Pipeline transport and simultaneous saccharification of corn stover. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[11]  A. Faaij,et al.  Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: techno-economic performance in short-, middle- and long-term , 2005 .

[12]  Endre Rev,et al.  Rigorous MINLP model for ethanol dehydration system , 2000 .

[13]  Hiroshi Kataoka,et al.  Continuous ethanol fermentation of concentrated sugar solutions coupled with membrane distillation using a PTFE module , 1989 .

[14]  P. Rogers,et al.  Mathematical modelling of ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures by recombinant Zymomonas mobilis , 2001, Biotechnology Letters.

[15]  P. G. Crabbe,et al.  Effect of microorganisms on rate of liquid extraction of ethanol from fermentation broths , 1986, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[16]  J. M. Peterson,et al.  CMA as a byproduct of the manufacture of fuel ethanol , 1992 .

[17]  Gordon A. Hill,et al.  Hydrodynamic behavior of a liquid-lift, external-loop bioreactor using a spinning sparger , 1997 .

[18]  K. Sirkar,et al.  Ethanol production in a microporous hollow‐fiber‐based extractive fermentor with immobilized yeast , 1990, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[19]  G. Grassi,et al.  Modern bioenergy in the European Union , 1999 .

[20]  Mats Galbe,et al.  Ethanol production from non-starch carbohydrates of wheat bran. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[21]  R. Fournier,et al.  Mathematical model of microporous hollow‐fiber membrane extractive fermentor , 1988, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[22]  Bärbel Hahn-Hägerdal,et al.  Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. I: inhibition and detoxification , 2000 .

[23]  R. Prakash,et al.  Net energy and gross pollution from bioethanol production in India , 1998 .

[24]  Youn-Sang Choi,et al.  Economic feasibility of producing ethanol from lignocellulosic feedstocks , 2000 .

[25]  William J. Orts,et al.  Solvent Extraction of Ethanol from Aqueous Solutions. I. Screening Methodology for Solvents , 2005 .

[26]  J N Saddler,et al.  Evaluation of cellulase recycling strategies for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates , 1995, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[27]  M. R. Wolf-Maciel,et al.  Saline extractive distillation process for ethanol purification , 2000 .

[28]  Guido Zacchi,et al.  Simultaneous detoxification and enzyme production of hemicellulose hydrolysates obtained after steam pretreatment , 1997 .

[29]  James D. McMillan,et al.  Bioethanol production: Status and prospects , 1997 .

[30]  Demetrio Gómez,et al.  Fractionation of lignocellulosics. Solubilization of corn stalk hemicelluloses by autohydrolysis in aqueous medium , 1998 .

[31]  Maria Isabel Rodrigues,et al.  Dynamic modelling, simulation and optimization of an extractive continuous alcoholic fermentation process , 1999 .

[32]  H. Lawford,et al.  Alternative Fermentation Process Designs with Wild-Type and Recombinant Zymomonas mobilis , 2003 .

[33]  Quan Gan,et al.  Design and operation of an integrated membrane reactor for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis , 2002 .

[34]  M. Galbe,et al.  Reduced inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis of steam-pretreated softwood. , 2001, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[35]  Frank Taylor,et al.  Control of packed column fouling in the continuous fermentation and stripping of ethanol , 2000, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[36]  Andrew J. McAloon,et al.  Ethanol production by continuous fermentation–pervaporation: a preliminary economic analysis , 2000 .

[37]  Lee R. Lynd,et al.  Evaluation of paper sludges for amenability to enzymatic hydrolysis and conversion to ethanol , 2001 .

[38]  Yoshinari Fusaoka,et al.  Selectivity and characteristics of direct contact membrane distillation type experiment. II. Membrane treatment and selectivity increase , 1992 .

[39]  G. T. Tsao,et al.  Ethanol production from renewable resources. , 1999, Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology.

[40]  L. Ingram,et al.  Conversion of cellulosic materials to ethanol , 1995 .

[41]  Frank Taylor,et al.  Determining the Cost of Producing Ethanol from Corn Starch and Lignocellulosic Feedstocks , 2000 .

[42]  Michimasa Kishimoto,et al.  Continuous production and separation of ethanol without effluence of wastewater using a distiller integrated SCM-reactor system , 1998 .

[43]  Yu. A. Pisarenko,et al.  The main stages in the development of combined processes for the example of the production of allyl alcohol by the butanolysis of allyl acetate. Part 1. Choice of the variant of organizing the process , 1996 .

[44]  I. Kühn,et al.  Alcoholic Fermentation in an Aqueous Two‐Phase System , 1980 .

[45]  John N. Saddler,et al.  An integrated model for the technical and economic evaluation of an enzymatic biomass conversion process , 1991 .

[46]  Charles E Wyman,et al.  Potential Synergies and Challenges in Refining Cellulosic Biomass to Fuels, Chemicals, and Power , 2003, Biotechnology progress.

[47]  D. Gregg,et al.  Bioconversion of lignocellulosic residue to ethanol: Process flowsheet development , 1995 .

[48]  Bärbel Hahn-Hägerdal,et al.  Fermentation of lignocellulose hydrolysates with yeasts and xylose isomerase , 1989 .

[49]  J. Aubert,et al.  The biological degradation of cellulose. , 1994, FEMS microbiology reviews.

[50]  L Meunier-Goddik,et al.  Enzyme-catalyzed saccharification of model celluloses in the presence of lignacious residues. , 1999, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[51]  Brian H. Davison,et al.  Ethanol production from corn starch in a fluidized-bed bioreactor , 1999, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[52]  M. Galbe,et al.  Simulation of ethanol production processes based on enzymatic hydrolysis of woody biomass , 1994 .

[53]  Huang Weixing,et al.  Mass transfer in pervaporation of active fermentation broth with a composite PDMS membrane , 2005 .

[54]  Montesinos,et al.  Production of alcohol from raw wheat flour by Amyloglucosidase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 2000, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[55]  Antonio Ficarella,et al.  Energy conservation in alcohol distillery with the application of pinch technology , 1999 .

[56]  Frank Taylor,et al.  Kinetics of continuous fermentation and stripping of ethanol , 2004, Biotechnology Letters.

[57]  T. Bounahmidi,et al.  Measurement and estimation of vapor–liquid equilibrium for industrial sugar juice using the Peng–Robinson equation of state , 1999 .

[58]  Carlos A. Cardona,et al.  ANALYSIS OF AN EXTRACTIVE FERMENTATION PROCESS FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION USING A RIGOROUS MODEL AND A SHORT-CUT METHOD , 2006 .

[59]  A Martinez,et al.  Enteric Bacterial Catalysts for Fuel Ethanol Production , 1999, Biotechnology progress.

[60]  Harvey W. Blanch,et al.  Economic evaluation of alternative ethanol fermentation processes , 1984 .

[61]  Hasan K. Atiyeh,et al.  Utilization of raffinose and melibiose by a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 2003 .

[62]  Emmanuel G. Koukios,et al.  Bioethanol from sweet sorghum: Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of carbohydrates by a mixed microbial culture , 1996 .

[63]  M. Matsumura,et al.  Elimination of ethanol inhibition by perstraction , 1986, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[64]  Feng-Sheng Wang,et al.  Hybrid Differential Evolution for Problems of Kinetic Parameter Estimation and Dynamic Optimization of an Ethanol Fermentation Process , 2001 .

[65]  F. Kobayashi,et al.  Mathematical model of direct ethanol production from starch in immobilized recombinant yeast culture , 2004 .

[66]  Tang Bin,et al.  Selective ethanol extraction from fermentation broth using a silicalite membrane , 2002 .

[67]  Raimo Alen,et al.  Scandinavia: environmental perspectives on Scandinavia's pulp and paper industry , 2001 .

[68]  M. H. Nguyen,et al.  A simple rule for bioenergy conversion plant size optimisation: bioethanol from sugar cane and sweet sorghum. , 1996 .

[69]  H. W. Elbersen,et al.  Co-production of bio-ethanol, electricity and heat from biomass residues , 2002 .

[70]  P. McLellan,et al.  The Incidence of Oscillatory Behavior in the Continuous Fermentation of Zymomonasmobilis , 1999, Biotechnology progress.

[71]  Feng-Sheng Wang,et al.  Crisp and Fuzzy Optimization of a Fed-Batch Fermentation for Ethanol Production , 2003 .

[72]  A. Stams,et al.  Utilisation of biomass for the supply of energy carriers , 1999, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[73]  L. Lynd,et al.  Biocommodity Engineering , 1999, Biotechnology progress.

[74]  W Borzani.  Kinetics of ethanol production during the reactor feeding phase in constant feb‐batch fermentation of molasses , 1987, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[75]  Daniel Ibraim Pires Atala,et al.  Factorial design and simulation for the optimization and determination of control structures for an extractive alcoholic fermentation , 2001 .

[76]  H. Kurosawa,et al.  A new immobilized cell system with protection against toxic solvents , 1987, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[77]  C. Wyman,et al.  Study of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose for production of fuel ethanol by the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process , 1993, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[78]  J. Delgenès,et al.  Cofermentation of glucose and xylose to ethanol by a respiratory-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-cultivated with a xylose-fermenting yeast , 1993 .

[79]  G. T. Tsao,et al.  Fermentation kinetics of ethanol production from glucose and xylose by recombinant Saccharomyces 1400(pLNH33). , 1999, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[80]  Cardona Alzate,et al.  Energy consumption analysis of integrated flowsheets for production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass , 2006 .

[81]  David R Shonnard,et al.  Comparative Life‐Cycle Assessments for Biomass‐to‐Ethanol Production from Different Regional Feedstocks , 2008, Biotechnology progress.

[82]  Siddhartha Datta,et al.  Analysis of the performance of a continuous membrane bioreactor with cell recycling during ethanol fermentation , 1998 .

[83]  W. Ramirez,et al.  Mathematical modeling and optimization of cellulase protein production using Trichoderma reesei RL-P37. , 1999, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[84]  P. W. Madson,et al.  Fuel ethanol production , 2003 .

[85]  Gengqiang Pu,et al.  Life cycle economic analysis of fuel ethanol derived from cassava in southwest China , 2003 .

[86]  G. Zacchi,et al.  A techno-economical comparison of three processes for the production of ethanol from pine. , 1995 .

[87]  Marek Gryta,et al.  The assessment of microorganism growth in the membrane distillation system , 2002 .

[88]  Jean-Philippe Delgenès,et al.  Comparative study of separated fermentations and cofermentation processes to produce ethanol from hardwood derived hydrolysates , 1996 .

[89]  L. Lynd,et al.  Likely features and costs of mature biomass ethanol technology , 1996 .

[90]  Paul Christakopoulos,et al.  Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose by Fusarium oxysporum F3—growth characteristics and metabolite profiling , 2005 .

[91]  S. Hari Krishna,et al.  Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic wastes to ethanol using a thermotolerant yeast. , 2001, Bioresource technology.

[92]  Tomas Brandberg,et al.  Continuous Fermentation of Undetoxified Dilute Acid Lignocellulose Hydrolysate by Saccharomycescerevisiae ATCC 96581 Using Cell Recirculation , 2008, Biotechnology progress.

[93]  Yoshishige Fujii,et al.  Selectivity and characteristics of direct contact membrane distillation type experiment. I. Permeability and selectivity through dried hydrophobic fine porous membranes , 1992 .

[94]  Aline Carvalho da Costa,et al.  A Hybrid Neural Model of Ethanol Production by Zymomonas mobilis , 1999 .

[95]  Q. A. Nguyen,et al.  Softwood Forest Thinnings as a Biomass Source for Ethanol Production: A Feasibility Study for California , 2000, Biotechnology progress.

[96]  E Gnansounou,et al.  Refining sweet sorghum to ethanol and sugar: economic trade-offs in the context of North China. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[97]  G. T. Tsao,et al.  Fuzzy-Decision-Making Problems of Fuel Ethanol Production Using a Genetically Engineered Yeast , 1998 .

[98]  W. Orts,et al.  Native or raw starch digestion: a key step in energy efficient biorefining of grain. , 2006, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[99]  C. A. Cardona,et al.  ANALYSIS OF FUEL ETHANOL PRODUCTION PROCESSES USING LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS AND STARCH AS FEEDSTOCKS , 2005 .

[100]  C Linder,et al.  Continuous ethanol production by immobilized yeast reactor coupled with membrane pervaporation unit , 1991, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[101]  Cristiano Piacsek Borges,et al.  Economic analysis of ethanol and fructose production by selective fermentation coupled to pervaporation: effect of membrane costs on process economics , 2002 .

[102]  M. C. García-Payo,et al.  Air gap membrane distillation of aqueous alcohol solutions , 2000 .

[103]  Tatiana Dizhbite,et al.  Lignin — a useful bioresource for the production of sorption-active materials , 1999 .

[104]  Lee R. Lynd,et al.  Conversion of paper sludge to ethanol in a semicontinuous solids-fed reactor , 2003, Bioprocess and biosystems engineering.

[105]  G. Goma,et al.  Ethanol production by extractive fermentation , 1982, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[106]  J. Lee,et al.  Biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. , 1997, Journal of biotechnology.

[107]  Olena B Ryabova,et al.  Xylose and cellobiose fermentation to ethanol by the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. , 2003, FEMS yeast research.

[108]  Zsófia Kádár,et al.  Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of industrial wastes for the production of ethanol , 2004 .

[109]  P. Yianoulis,et al.  A processing scheme for industrial ethanol production from straw , 1981 .

[110]  Eric S. Fraga,et al.  Process Synthesis for Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using an Optimization-Based Strategy , 2006 .

[111]  Francesco Ancillotti,et al.  Oxygenate fuels: Market expansion and catalytic aspect of synthesis , 1998 .

[112]  Paul Christakopoulos,et al.  Intracellular metabolite profiling of Fusarium oxysporum converting glucose to ethanol. , 2005, Journal of biotechnology.

[113]  K. Prasanthi,et al.  Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of pretreated sugar cane leaves to ethanol , 1998 .

[114]  V. Bisaria,et al.  Simultaneous bioconversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to ethanol. , 1998, Critical reviews in biotechnology.

[115]  G. Zacchi,et al.  Kinetics of ethanol production by recombinant Escherichia coli KO11 , 1995, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[116]  A. Daugulis,et al.  A Mathematical model for ethanol production by extractive fermentation in a continuous stirred tank fermentor , 1985, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[117]  Kazuyuki Shimizu,et al.  Performance evaluation of ethanol fermentor systems using a vector‐valued objective function , 1987, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[118]  M. Ballesteros,et al.  Ethanol from lignocellulosic materials by a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SFS) with Kluyveromyces marxianus CECT 10875 , 2004 .

[119]  K. Kadam,et al.  Development and Validation of a Kinetic Model for Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass , 2004, Biotechnology progress.

[120]  B. E. Dale,et al.  Biobased Industrial Products: Bioprocess Engineering When Cost Really Counts , 1999, Biotechnology progress.

[121]  Christoffer Boman,et al.  Residential combustion performance of pelletized hydrolysis residue from lignocellulosic ethanol production , 2006 .

[122]  María del Carmen García Payo,et al.  Air gap membrane distillation of aqueous alcohol solutions , 2000 .

[123]  Y. Mori,et al.  Ethanol production from starch in a pervaporation membrane bioreactor using Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum , 1990, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[124]  Eric S. Fraga,et al.  An object-oriented framework for process synthesis and optimization , 2000 .

[125]  Mario Llano-Restrepo,et al.  Modeling and simulation of saline extractive distillation columns for the production of absolute ethanol , 2003, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[126]  Sohrab Rohani,et al.  On-line state estimation and adaptive optimization using state equations for continuous production of bioethanol , 1996 .

[127]  Attilio Converti,et al.  Simplified modeling of fed‐batch alcoholic fermentation of sugarcane blackstrap molasses , 2003, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[128]  Christopher D. Gilson,et al.  Ethanol production by alginate immobilised yeast in a fluidised bed bioreactor , 1995 .

[129]  M. Ladisch,et al.  Assessment of ethanol production options for corn products , 1996 .

[130]  A. Koutinas,et al.  Restructuring upstream bioprocessing: technological and economical aspects for production of a generic microbial feedstock from wheat , 2004, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[131]  M. Tsuyumoto,et al.  Dehydration of ethanol on a pilot-plant scale, using a new type of hollow-fiber membrane☆ , 1997 .

[132]  R. Bothast,et al.  Biotechnological processes for conversion of corn into ethanol , 2005, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[133]  Ganti S. Murthy,et al.  Improvement in fermentation characteristics of degermed ground corn by lipid supplementation , 2006, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[134]  Said S.E.H. Elnashaie,et al.  Non-linear characteristics of a membrane fermentor for ethanol production and their implications , 2006 .

[135]  Fawzi Banat,et al.  Modeling of dilute ethanol-water mixture separation by membrane distillation , 1999 .

[136]  J. W. Ponton,et al.  Foundations of Computer-aided Process Design: Edited by A.W. Westerberg and H.H. Chein CACHE Publication, 1042 pp., $133.25 , 1986 .

[137]  Harlan H. Bengtson.  Small scale ethanol production from corn — technology, energy efficiency and economics , 1983 .

[138]  L. Olsson,et al.  Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates for ethanol production. , 1996 .

[139]  J Thibault,et al.  Improvement of ethanol fermentation under hyperbaric conditions , 1989, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[140]  Tatsuro Sawada,et al.  Enhanced ethanol production from enzymatically treated steam‐exploded rice straw using extractive fermentation , 2001 .

[141]  T. Leathers,et al.  Bioconversions of maize residues to value-added coproducts using yeast-like fungi. , 2003, FEMS yeast research.

[142]  Fawzi Banat,et al.  Membrane distillation for dilute ethanol: Separation from aqueous streams , 1999 .

[143]  L. Lynd,et al.  Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: an update. , 2005, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[144]  T. P. Lyons,et al.  The alcohol textbook , 2003 .

[145]  Endre Rev,et al.  Optimization of hybrid ethanol dehydration systems , 2002 .

[146]  Joaquim M. S. Cabral,et al.  Effect of extraction and enzymatic esterification of ethanol on glucose consumption by two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains : a comparative study , 2001 .

[147]  H. Chang,et al.  Continuous Ethanol Production from Concentrated Wood Hydrolysates in an Internal Membrane‐Filtration Bioreactor , 2000, Biotechnology progress.

[148]  M. Rajoka,et al.  Production of ethanol and xylitol from corn cobs by yeasts. , 2001, Bioresource technology.

[149]  J. Mielenz,et al.  Ethanol production from biomass: technology and commercialization status. , 2001, Current opinion in microbiology.

[150]  Said S.E.H. Elnashaie,et al.  Static/Dynamic Bifurcation and Chaotic Behavior of an Ethanol Fermentor , 2004 .

[151]  L. R. Carrocci,et al.  Cogeneration at alcohol production plants in Brazil , 1991 .

[152]  Charles E. Wyman,et al.  Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: Technology, economics, and opportunities , 1994 .

[153]  Andrés Mahecha-Botero,et al.  Bifurcation, stabilization, and ethanol productivity enhancement for a membrane fermentor , 2005, Math. Comput. Model..

[154]  J. H. Reith,et al.  Co-production of bioethanol, lactic acid, electricity and heat from lignocellulosic biomass Public report EET project K01116 , 2007 .

[155]  Kazuyuki Shimizu,et al.  Novel repeated batch operation for flash fermentation system : Experimental data and mathematical modelling , 1996 .

[156]  Yu. A. Pisarenko,et al.  The main stages in the development of combined processes for the example of the production of allyl alcohol by the butanolysis of allyl acetate. Part 2. Separation of the azeotropic mixture removed from the reaction-rectification column of allyl alcohol synthesis , 1996 .

[157]  J. Moreira.  Sugarcane for energy – recent results and progress in Brazil , 2000 .

[158]  J. Fiedurek,et al.  Technology for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. , 1996 .

[159]  K. Rausch,et al.  Composition of corn and distillers dried grains with solubles from dry grind ethanol processing. , 2004, Bioresource technology.

[160]  Sunitha Baskaran,et al.  Investigation of the Ethanol Tolerance of Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum in Continuous Culture , 1995 .

[161]  P. McLellan,et al.  Experimental investigation and modeling of oscillatory behavior in the continuous culture of Zymomonas mobilis. , 1997, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[162]  S. Duff,et al.  Simultaneous saccharification and extractive fermentation of cellulosic substrates , 2000, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[163]  Purnendu Ghosh,et al.  Bioethanol in India: recent past and emerging future. , 2003, Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology.

[164]  Michael R. Ladisch,et al.  Ethanol production and the cost of fermentable sugars from biomass , 1991 .

[165]  R. Brown,et al.  Economic analysis of selected lignocellulose-to-ethanol conversion technologies , 1999, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.

[166]  Vanete Thomaz Soccol,et al.  Biotechnological potential of agro-industrial residues. I: sugarcane bagasse , 2000 .

[167]  Christos Hatzis,et al.  Biochemical Engineering Analysis of Critical Process Factors in the Biomass‐to‐Ethanol Technology , 1997, Biotechnology progress.

[168]  C. Noon,et al.  GIS-Based Analysis of Marginal Price Variation with an Application in the Identification of Candidate Ethanol Conversion Plant Locations , 2002 .

[169]  Michimasa Kishimoto,et al.  Ethanol production in an immobilized cell reactor coupled with the recycling of effluent from the bottom of a distillation column , 1997 .

[170]  Mats Galbe,et al.  Processing of wheat bran to sugar solution , 2004 .

[171]  Süheyla Çehreli,et al.  Equilibrium Data on Water-Ethanol-1-Dodecanol Ternary System , 2001 .

[172]  R. Bruce Eldridge,et al.  Application of traditional mass-transfer algorithms to a bioextraction process , 1989 .

[173]  A. Wilkie,et al.  Stillage characterization and anaerobic treatment of ethanol stillage from conventional and cellulosic feedstocks , 2000 .

[174]  Douglas G. Tiffany,et al.  Factors Associated with Success of Fuel Ethanol Producers , 2003 .

[175]  C. Noon,et al.  A GIS-enabled comparison of fixed and discriminatory pricing strategies for potential switchgrass-to-ethanol conversion facilities in Alabama , 2005 .

[176]  J N Saddler,et al.  Recycle of enzymes and substrate following enzymatic hydrolysis of steam‐pretreated aspenwood , 1987, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[177]  Christian Weilnhammer,et al.  Continuous fermentation with product recovery by in-situ extraction , 1994 .

[178]  Anthony V. Bridgwater,et al.  Production costs of liquid fuels from biomass , 1991 .

[179]  Jerry D. Murphy,et al.  Ethanol production from energy crops and wastes for use as a transport fuel in Ireland , 2005 .

[180]  Sunao Sato,et al.  Fed-batch culture of Sacchoromyces cerevisiae in sugar-cane blackstrap molasses: invertase activity of intact cells in ethanol fermentation , 2000 .

[181]  Kelly N. Ibsen,et al.  NREL/DOE ethanol pilot-plant: Current status and capabilities , 1996 .

[182]  Mangesh D. Kapadi,et al.  Optimal control of fed-batch fermentation involving multiple feeds using Differential Evolution , 2004 .

[183]  A. Daugulis,et al.  Solvent Selection Strategies for Extractive Biocatalysis , 1991, Biotechnology progress.

[184]  C Dagot,et al.  Modeling of an industrial alcohol fermentation and simuiation of the plant by a process simulator , 1995, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[185]  Sven Pedersen,et al.  Efficiencies of designed enzyme combinations in releasing arabinose and xylose from wheat arabinoxylan in an industrial ethanol fermentation residue , 2005 .

[186]  Hiroshi Yanagishita,et al.  Drastic improvement of bioethanol recovery using a pervaporation separation technique employing a silicone rubber‐coated silicalite membrane , 2003 .

[187]  Maria Raquel Aires-Barros,et al.  Improvement of alcoholic fermentations by simultaneous extraction and enzymatic esterification of ethanol , 1998 .

[188]  G. Hall,et al.  Saccharification of cassava flour starch in a hollow-fiber membrane reactor , 1997 .

[189]  Peter Glavič,et al.  Optimization of ethanol fermentation process design , 2000 .

[190]  Lee R. Lynd,et al.  Overview and evaluation of fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass , 1996 .

[191]  Satya Narayana Mandavilli,et al.  Performance characteristics of an immobilized enzyme reactor producing ethanol from starch , 2000 .

[192]  Jeffrey S. Tolan,et al.  Iogen's process for producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass , 2002 .

[193]  M. Newman,et al.  Simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation of dilute-acid pretreated yellow poplar hardwood to ethanol using xylose-fermenting Zymomonas mobilis , 1999, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[194]  Batchelor Se,et al.  Economics of bioethanol production from wheat in the UK , 1994 .

[195]  R L Fournier,et al.  A numerical evaluation of a hollow fiber extractive fermentor process for the production of ethanol , 1988, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[196]  Arthur Westerberg,et al.  A retrospective on design and process synthesis , 2004, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[197]  Gordon A. Hill,et al.  Mass Transfer and Bioethanol Production in an External-Loop Liquid-Lift Bioreactor , 2001 .

[198]  G. Garrote,et al.  Kinetic study of the acid hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse , 2002 .

[199]  K. Ibsen,et al.  A process economic approach to develop a dilute-acid cellulose hydrolysis process to produce ethanol from biomass , 1999, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[200]  Ernst Bayer,et al.  Low temperature conversion of sugar-cane by-products , 1998 .

[201]  A. Santhiagu,et al.  Technological aspects of extractive fermentation using aqueous two-phase systems , 2003 .

[202]  Kelly N. Ibsen,et al.  Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover , 2002 .

[203]  Harry Stokes,et al.  Project Gaia: converting biomass to a clean liquid fuel for domestic use , 2002 .

[204]  D L Nelson,et al.  Application of gravitational sedimentation to efficient cellular recycling in continuous alcoholic fermentation , 1993, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[205]  Xiao-Ning Li,et al.  Conceptual process synthesis: past and current trends , 2004 .

[206]  Attilio Converti,et al.  Selection of hemicellulosic hydrolysate pretreatments and fermentation conditions to stimulate xylitol production by ethanol-producing yeasts , 1996 .

[207]  H. Renon,et al.  Ethanol extraction by supported liquid membrane during fermentation , 1990, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[208]  Jody Farmer,et al.  A bioethanol process development unit: initial operating experiences and results with a corn fiber feedstock. , 2004, Bioresource technology.

[209]  A. Daugulis,et al.  Extractive fermentation by Zymomonas mobilis and the use of solvent mixtures , 2005, Biotechnology Letters.

[210]  Anthony V. Bridgwater,et al.  Production costs of liquid fuels from biomass , 1994 .

[211]  M Nazmul Karim,et al.  Modeling and Advanced Control of Recombinant Zymomonasmobilis Fed‐Batch Fermentation , 2002, Biotechnology progress.

[212]  Guenter Schamel,et al.  The International Competitiveness of the U.S. Corn-Ethanol Industry , 2006 .

[213]  I. Bari,et al.  Ethanol production at flask and pilot scale from concentrated slurries of steam-exploded aspen , 2002 .

[214]  Paul Christakopoulos,et al.  Fermentation performance and intracellular metabolite profiling of Fusarium oxysporum cultivated on a glucose–xylose mixture , 2005 .

[215]  Mark Meo.  Economic evaluation of ethanol fuel production from agricultural crops and residues in California , 1984 .

[216]  D. Gregg,et al.  Techno-economic evaluations of a generic wood-to-ethanol process: effect of increased cellulose yields and enzyme recycle , 1998 .

[217]  M. Penttilä,et al.  Metabolic engineering applications to renewable resource utilization. , 2000, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[218]  William J. Orts,et al.  Solvent extraction of ethanol from aqueous solutions. II. Linear, branched, and ring-containing alcohol solvents , 2005 .

[219]  J. T. Mullins,et al.  Integrated ethanol production and utilization system for small farms , 1984 .

[220]  Lee R. Lynd,et al.  Modeling simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulose to ethanol in batch and continuous reactors , 1995 .

[221]  A. McAloon,et al.  Dry‐Grind Process for Fuel Ethanol by Continuous Fermentation and Stripping , 2000, Biotechnology progress.

[222]  Katsuya Shimizu,et al.  Efficient Production of Ethanol by a Fermentation System Employing Temperature Profiling and Recycle. , 1995 .

[223]  Paul Christakopoulos,et al.  An alternative approach to the bioconversion of sweet sorghum carbohydrates to ethanol , 1995 .

[224]  Michael Gyamerah,et al.  Production of ethanol by continuous fermentation and liquid-liquid extraction , 1996 .

[225]  Koichi Iwakabe,et al.  Reliable production of highly concentrated bioethanol by a conjunction of pervaporation using a silicone rubber sheet-covered silicalite membrane with adsorption process , 2004 .

[226]  K. Belkacemi,et al.  Enzymatic saccharification of milled timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) , 1997 .

[227]  R L Fournier.  Mathematical model of extractive fermentation: Application to the production of ethanol , 1986, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[228]  Y Zhang,et al.  Bifurcation Analysis of Continuous Biochemical Reactor Models , 2001, Biotechnology progress.

[229]  E. Pye,et al.  The lignol approach to biorefining of woody biomass to produce ethanol and chemicals , 2005, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[230]  Y. Pisarenko,et al.  REACTIVE DISTILLATION DESIGN: ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS STATICS , 2001 .

[231]  John N. Saddler,et al.  Biotechnology for the conversion of lignocellulosics , 1992 .

[232]  Esteban A. Brignole,et al.  Near-critical separation of aqueous azeotropic mixtures: process synthesis and optimization , 1998 .

[233]  Bryan M. Jenkins,et al.  Bioconversion of mixed solids waste to ethanol , 1999, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[234]  C. Wyman,et al.  SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION OF SEVERAL LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS TO FUEL ETHANOL , 1992 .

[235]  V. Putsche,et al.  Development of an ASPEN PLUS physical property database for biofuels components , 1996 .

[236]  Gunnar Eigil Jonsson,et al.  Factors affecting flux and ethanol separation performance in vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) , 2003 .

[237]  Warren Mabee,et al.  Biorefining of softwoods using ethanol organosolv pulping: preliminary evaluation of process streams for manufacture of fuel-grade ethanol and co-products. , 2005, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[238]  L. Lynd,et al.  Continuous fermentation of cellulosic biomass to ethanol , 1993 .

[239]  J. Nielsen,et al.  Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulose: a challenge for metabolic engineering and process integration , 2001, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[240]  Diego Barba,et al.  Hyperazeotropic ethanol salted-out by extractive distillation. Theoretical evaluation and experimental check , 1985 .

[241]  Brian H. Davison,et al.  Economic analysis of fuel ethanol production from corn starch using fluidized-bed bioreactors , 2000 .

[242]  Jonathan R. Mielenz,et al.  Feasibility studies for biomass-to-ethanol production facilities in Florida and Hawaii , 1997 .

[243]  Kelly N. Ibsen,et al.  Rapid Evaluation of Research Proposals Using Aspen Plus , 2000 .

[244]  S. Eckhoff,et al.  Variability in the nutritional quality of distillers solubles , 1998 .

[245]  Antonio J. A. Meirelles,et al.  Optimization of a secondary reflux and vaporization (SRV) distillation process using surface response analysis , 1998 .

[246]  C. Wilke,et al.  Rapid ethanol fermentations using vacuum and cell recycle , 1977 .

[247]  Antoni W. Morawski,et al.  Ethanol production in membrane distillation bioreactor , 2000 .

[248]  L. Lynd,et al.  Adsorption of Clostridium thermocellum cellulases onto pretreated mixed hardwood, avicel, and lignin , 1993, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[249]  H. W. Elbersen,et al.  Co-production of bio-ethanol, electricity and heat from biomass wastes: potential and R&D issues , 2001 .

[250]  I. S. Pretorius,et al.  Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology , 2002, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

[251]  Gunnar Eriksson,et al.  Combustion of wood hydrolysis residue in a 150 kW powder burner , 2004 .

[252]  Kaseno,et al.  Effect of Product Removal by a Pervaporation on Ethanol Fermentation , 1998 .

[253]  M. Gryta.  The fermentation process integrated with membrane distillation , 2001 .

[254]  Ashok Pandey,et al.  Ethanol production in solid substrate fermentation using thermotolerant yeast , 1999 .

[255]  Mats Galbe,et al.  Hydrolysis of Nonstarch Carbohydrates of Wheat‐Starch Effluent for Ethanol Production , 2008, Biotechnology progress.