Contractile performance of striated muscle.

The single muscle fiber preparation provides an excellent tool for studying the mechanical behaviour of the contractile system at sarcomere level. The present article gives an overview of studies based on intact single fibers from frog and mouse skeletal muscle. The following aspects of muscle function are treated: (1) The length-tension relationship. (2) The biphasic force-velocity relationship. (3) The maximum speed of shortening, its independence of sarcomere length and degree of activation. (4) Force enhancement during stretch, its relation to sarcomere length and myofilament lattice width. (5) Residual force enhancement after stretch. (6) Force reduction after loaded shortening. (7) Deactivation by active shortening. (8) Differences in kinetic properties along individual muscle fibers.

[1]  K. Edman,et al.  Non-hyperbolic force-velocity relationship in single muscle fibres. , 1976, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[2]  K W Ranatunga,et al.  Dynamic behaviour of half‐sarcomeres during and after stretch in activated rabbit psoas myofibrils: sarcomere asymmetry but no ‘sarcomere popping’ , 2006, The Journal of physiology.

[3]  M. Blix.  Die Länge und die Spannung des Muskels1 , 1894 .

[4]  A. Rowlerson,et al.  Quantitative analysis of histochemical and immunohistochemical reactions in skeletal muscle fibres ofRana andXenopus , 1989, The Histochemical Journal.

[5]  B. Folkow,et al.  Sympathetic vasodilator nerves to the tongue of the cat. , 1952, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[6]  W Herzog,et al.  The effects of muscle stretching and shortening on isometric forces on the descending limb of the force-length relationship. , 2004, Journal of biomechanics.

[7]  A. Huxley,et al.  Structural Changes in Muscle During Contraction: Interference Microscopy of Living Muscle Fibres , 1954, Nature.

[8]  Walter Herzog,et al.  Dynamics of individual sarcomeres during and after stretch in activated single myofibrils , 2003, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[9]  K. Edman.  Action of cardiac glycosides on the ATP-induced contraction of glycerinated muscle fibers. , 1953, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[10]  K. Edman,et al.  Depression of tetanic force induced by loaded shortening of frog muscle fibres. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[11]  W. Engelhardt,et al.  Myosine and Adenosinetriphosphatase , 1939, Nature.

[12]  K. Edman,et al.  Shortening induced deactivation of skinned fibres of frog and mouse striated muscle. , 1982, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[13]  H E Huxley,et al.  The Mechanism of Muscular Contraction , 1965, Scientific American.

[14]  H. Sugi,et al.  Tension changes during and after stretch in frog muscle fibres , 1972, The Journal of physiology.

[15]  K. Edman,et al.  The influence of electrolytes on the rate of viscosity drop in ATP-actomyosin mixtures. , 1952, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[16]  B. C. Abbott,et al.  The physiological cost of negative work , 1952, The Journal of physiology.

[17]  G A Cavagna,et al.  Effect of stretching on the elastic characteristics and the contractile component of frog striated muscle , 1974, The Journal of physiology.

[18]  The mechanical parameters of myocardial contraction studied at a constant length of the contractile element. , 1968 .

[19]  K. Edman,et al.  Differences in maximum velocity of shortening along single muscle fibres of the frog. , 1985, The Journal of physiology.

[20]  K. Bailey.  Composition of the myosins and myogen of skeletal muscle. , 1937, The Biochemical journal.

[21]  W. Herzog,et al.  Effects of shortening on stretch-induced force enhancement in single skeletal muscle fibers. , 2004, Journal of biomechanics.

[22]  K. Edman,et al.  The variation in active tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate skeletal muscle and its relation to fibre width , 1968, Experientia.

[23]  H. Huxley.  7 – MOLECULAR BASIS OF CONTRACTION IN CROSS-STRIATED MUSCLES , 1972 .

[24]  G H Pollack,et al.  Effect of active pre‐shortening on isometric and isotonic performance of single frog muscle fibres. , 1989, The Journal of physiology.

[25]  K. Edman.  Mechanical deactivation induced by active shortening in isolated muscle fibres of the frog. , 1975, The Journal of physiology.

[26]  C. Reggiani,et al.  Human skeletal muscle fibres: molecular and functional diversity. , 2000, Progress in biophysics and molecular biology.

[27]  H. Huxley,et al.  FILAMENT LENGTHS IN STRIATED MUSCLE , 1963, The Journal of cell biology.

[28]  K. Edman,et al.  Depression of mechanical performance by active shortening during twitch and tetanus of vertebrate muscle fibres. , 1980, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[29]  S. R. Taylor,et al.  Calcium transients in isolated amphibian skeletal muscle fibres: detection with aequorin. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[30]  F Buchthal,et al.  Motor unit of mammalian muscle. , 1980, Physiological reviews.

[31]  H. Huxley,et al.  Changes in the Cross-Striations of Muscle during Contraction and Stretch and their Structural Interpretation , 1954, Nature.

[32]  K. Edman,et al.  Relationships between force and velocity of shortening in rabbit papillary muscle. , 1971, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[33]  M. Bárány,et al.  ATPase Activity of Myosin Correlated with Speed of Muscle Shortening , 1967, The Journal of general physiology.

[34]  W. O. Fenn.  The relation between the work performed and the energy liberated in muscular contraction , 1924, The Journal of physiology.

[35]  K. Edman,et al.  Redistribution of sarcomere length during isometric contraction of frog muscle fibres and its relation to tension creep. , 1984, The Journal of physiology.

[36]  The Effect of Shortening on the Time-Course of Active State Decay , 1972, The Journal of general physiology.

[37]  V. T. Inman,et al.  Mechanics of human isolated voluntary muscle. , 1947, The American journal of physiology.

[38]  Archibald Vivian Hill,et al.  The reversal of chemical reactions in contracting muscle during an applied stretch , 1959, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[39]  G. C. Joyce,et al.  The mechanical properties of cat soleus muscle during controlled lengthening and shortening movements , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[40]  A. Hill,et al.  The relation of length to tension development and heat production on contraction in muscle , 1914, The Journal of physiology.

[42]  D L Morgan,et al.  The effect on tension of non‐uniform distribution of length changes applied to frog muscle fibres. , 1979, The Journal of physiology.

[43]  Walter Herzog,et al.  Considerations on the history dependence of muscle contraction. , 2004, Journal of applied physiology.

[44]  W Herzog,et al.  Residual force enhancement in skeletal muscle , 2006, The Journal of physiology.

[45]  K. Edman,et al.  Myofibrillar fatigue versus failure of activation during repetitive stimulation of frog muscle fibres. , 1992, The Journal of physiology.

[46]  G. Offer,et al.  Shape and flexibility of the myosin molecule. , 1978, Journal of molecular biology.

[47]  M. Noble,et al.  Residual force enhancement after stretch of contracting frog single muscle fibers , 1982, The Journal of general physiology.

[48]  B. R. Jewell,et al.  The mechanical properties of relaxing muscle , 1960, The Journal of physiology.

[49]  G. Bourne,et al.  STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MUSCLE , 1961 .

[50]  H. Portzehl,et al.  Kontraktion, ATP-Cyclus und fibrilläre Proteine des Muskels , 1952 .

[51]  B. Millman,et al.  The filament lattice of striated muscle. , 1998, Physiological reviews.

[52]  Alexander A. Maximow,et al.  A Textbook of Histology , 1935, The Indian Medical Gazette.

[53]  K. Edman,et al.  The time course of the active state in relation to sarcomere length and movement studied in single skeletal muscle fibres of the frog. , 1971, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[54]  H. Huxley,et al.  Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibers studied by a plunge quick freezing method: myofilament lengths. , 1994, Biophysical journal.

[55]  L. Plaghki,et al.  The deficit of the isometric tetanic tension redeveloped after a release of frog muscle at a constant velocity , 1979, The Journal of general physiology.

[56]  K. Edman.  Relaxation of Glycerol-extracted Muscle Fibre Bundles Induced by Zinc in the Presence of ATP and Other Polyphosphates. , 1959 .

[57]  K. Edman,et al.  Strain of passive elements during force enhancement by stretch in frog muscle fibres. , 1996, The Journal of physiology.

[58]  C. Reggiani.  When fibres go slack and cross bridges are free to run: a brilliant method to study kinetic properties of acto‐myosin interaction , 2007, The Journal of physiology.

[59]  Bjørn Gilbert Nielsen.  Unfolding transitions in myosin give rise to the double-hyperbolic force–velocity relation in muscle , 2003 .

[60]  A. Huxley,et al.  The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibres , 1966, The Journal of physiology.

[61]  F. Julian,et al.  Mechanical properties and myosin light chain composition of skinned muscle fibres from adult and new‐born rabbits. , 1981, The Journal of physiology.

[62]  J. Hoh,et al.  Myosin isoenzymes in single muscle fibres of Xenopus laevis: analysis of five different functional types , 1984, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[63]  K. Edman.  The velocity of unloaded shortening and its relation to sarcomere length and isometric force in vertebrate muscle fibres. , 1979, The Journal of physiology.

[64]  B. Katz.  The relation between force and speed in muscular contraction , 1939, The Journal of physiology.

[65]  W. O. Fenn,et al.  Muscular force at different speeds of shortening , 1935, The Journal of physiology.

[66]  K. Edman.  The binding of zinc to glycerol-extracted muscle, and its relaxing effect. , 1959, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica.

[67]  R. Ramsey,et al.  The isometric length‐tension diagram of isolated skeletal muscle fibers of the frog , 1940 .

[68]  B. C. Abbott,et al.  ABSTRACTS OF MEMOIRS RECORDING WORK DONE AT THE PLYMOUTH LABORATORY THE FORCE EXERTED BY ACTIVE STRIATED MUSCLE DURING AND AFTER CHANGE OF LENGTH , 2022 .

[69]  W Herzog,et al.  Residual force enhancement in myofibrils and sarcomeres , 2008, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[70]  M. Noble,et al.  Enhancement of mechanical performance by stretch during tetanic contractions of vertebrate skeletal muscle fibres. , 1978, The Journal of physiology.

[71]  K. Edman,et al.  Maximum velocity of shortening related to myosin isoform composition in frog skeletal muscle fibres. , 1988, The Journal of physiology.

[72]  A. Hill.  The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle , 1938 .

[73]  K. Edman,et al.  The relation between sarcomere length and active tension in isolated semitendinosus fibres of the frog , 1966, The Journal of physiology.

[74]  B. MacIntosh,et al.  The biphasic force-velocity relationship in whole rat skeletal muscle in situ. , 2007, Journal of applied physiology.

[75]  K. Edman,et al.  Calcium and the stimulant and inhibitory effects of adrenaline in depolarized smooth muscle , 1963, The Journal of physiology.

[76]  R. Close.  Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscles. , 1972, Physiological reviews.

[77]  K. Edman,et al.  Variation in myoplasmic Ca2+ concentration during contraction and relaxation studied by the indicator fluo‐3 in frog muscle fibres. , 1994, The Journal of physiology.

[78]  Contractile properties of isolated muscle spindles of the frog , 2002, The Journal of physiology.

[79]  A. Grinnell,et al.  The regulation of muscle contraction : excitation-contraction coupling , 1981 .

[80]  Lucy M. Brown,et al.  Some observations on variations in filament overlap in tetanized muscle fibres and fibres stretched during a tetanus, detected in the electron microscope after rapid fixation , 1991, Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility.

[81]  K. Edman,et al.  Contractile properties of mouse single muscle fibers, a comparison with amphibian muscle fibers , 2005, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[82]  T. Duke,et al.  Molecular model of muscle contraction. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[83]  D A Winkelmann,et al.  Three-dimensional structure of myosin subfragment-1: a molecular motor. , 1993, Science.

[84]  K. Edman.  Double‐hyperbolic force‐velocity relation in frog muscle fibres. , 1988, The Journal of physiology.

[85]  C. Reggiani,et al.  Molecular diversity of myofibrillar proteins: gene regulation and functional significance. , 1996, Physiological reviews.

[86]  K. Edman.  The force bearing capacity of frog muscle fibres during stretch: its relation to sarcomere length and fibre width , 1999, The Journal of physiology.

[87]  A. Huxley.  Muscle structure and theories of contraction. , 1957, Progress in biophysics and biophysical chemistry.

[88]  C. Reggiani,et al.  The sarcomere length‐tension relation determined in short segments of intact muscle fibres of the frog. , 1987, The Journal of physiology.

[89]  D. Morgan,et al.  Quantitative analysis of sarcomere non-uniformities in active muscle following a stretch , 1996, Journal of Muscle Research & Cell Motility.

[90]  K. Edman,et al.  The Biphasic Force–Velocity Relationship in Frog Muscle Fibres and its Evaluation in Terms of Cross‐Bridge Function , 1997, The Journal of physiology.

[91]  K. Edman,et al.  The force‐velocity relationship in vertebrate muscle fibres at varied tonicity of the extracellular medium , 1977, The Journal of physiology.

[92]  J. Lowy,et al.  An X-ray and light-diffraction study of the filament lattice of striated muscle in the living state and in rigor , 1963 .

[93]  The high-force region of the force-velocity relation in frog skinned muscle fibres. , 1993, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[94]  T. Tsuchiya,et al.  Stiffness changes during enhancement and deficit of isometric force by slow length changes in frog skeletal muscle fibres. , 1988, The Journal of physiology.

[95]  Fine structure of tortoise skeletal muscle , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[96]  W. Herzog,et al.  Residual force enhancement exceeds the isometric force at optimal sarcomere length for optimized stretch conditions. , 2008, Journal of applied physiology.

[97]  K. Edman,et al.  The need for calcium in the contractile responses induced by acetylcholine and potassium in the rat uterus , 1962, The Journal of physiology.