Energy and reliability management in parallel real-time systems

Historically, slack time in real-time systems has been used as temporal redundancy by roll-back recovery schemes to increase system reliability in the presence of faults. However, with advanced technologies, slack time can also be used by energy management schemes to save energy. For reliable real-time systems where higher levels of reliability are as important as lower levels of energy consumption, centralized management of slack time is desired. For frame-based parallel real-time applications, energy management schemes are first explored. Although the simple static power management that evenly allocates static slack over a schedule is optimal for uni-processor systems, it is not optimal for parallel systems due to different levels of parallelism in a schedule. Taking parallelism variations into consideration, a parallel static power management scheme is proposed. When dynamic slack is considered, assuming global scheduling strategies, slack shifting and sharing schemes as well as speculation schemes are proposed for more energy savings. For simultaneous management of power and reliability, checkpointing techniques are first deployed to efficiently use slack time and the optimal numbers of checkpoints needed to minimize energy consumption or to maximize system reliability are explored. Then, an energy efficient optimistic modular redundancy scheme is addressed. Finally, a framework that encompasses energy and reliability management is proposed for obtaining optimal redundant, configurations. While exploring the trade-off between energy and reliability, the effects of voltage scaling on fault rates are considered.

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