What Is So "Hot" in Heatmap?: Qualitative Code Cluster Analysis with Foursquare Venue

ABSTRACT:Foursquare is a popular Web service and a representative location-based social network (LBSN) service using position data. Heatmap is a widely used means of geovisualization for analyzing social data with locational values. Until now, heatmap analysis of LBSN has focused on identifying quantitative distribution and patterns, with little consideration of the qualitative analysis of data content. Based on a case study of Foursquare venues and user-created content in Seattle, WA, this study conducts analyses assessing both the quantitative spatial distribution and the qualitative characteristics of coffee shops in the Seattle metropolitan area. It specifically proposes a new analytical method referred to as "code cluster," which is designed to employ quantitative and qualitative approaches simultaneously. The significance of this method is its capacity to explain geographical differences in terms of qualitative traits in cluster regions, in addition to analyzing their spatial characteristics and distributions. In introducing this new hybrid approach, our aims are to reflect the original intent and essence of the data throughout the research process and to make further efforts to analyze and interpret the contextualized meanings. This will be possible through integration of advanced spatial analysis, geovisualization, and qualitative research that build on current geographic and geovisual research with big data.RÉSUMÉ:Foursquare est un service Web populaire, typique des réseaux sociaux géodépendants (RSG) utilisant les données de géolocalisation. La carte de densité de clics est une technique de géovisualisation largement utilisée pour analyser les données sociales ayant des valeurs à référence spatiale. Jusqu'à maintenant, l'analyse des cartes de densité de clics des RSG visait plus particulièrement l'observation de distributions et de profils quantitatifs, l'analyse qualitative du contenu en information suscitant peu d'intérêt. Dans une étude de cas portant sur des endroits de Foursquare et un contenu créé par les utilisateurs à Seattle (Washington), les auteurs procèdent à des analyses visant à évaluer la distribution spatiale quantitative et les caractéristiques qualitatives des cafés-restaurants de la région métropolitaine de Seattle. Ils proposent plus précisément une nouvelle méthode analytique dite des « grappes de codes », conçue pour permettre l'emploi simultané d'approches quantitative et qualitative. L'intérêt de cette méthode tient au fait qu'elle peut expliquer les différences géographiques en termes de caractéristiques qualitatives dans les régions accueillant une grappe, en plus de l'analyse des caractéristiques et des distributions spatiales. En proposant cette nouvelle méthode hybride, les auteurs ont pour but de rendre compte de l'intention et de l'essence initiales des données au fil du processus de recherche et de consacrer davantage d'efforts à l'analyse et à l'interprétation de leurs significations contextualisées. Ce but pourra être atteint grâce à l'intégration de l'analyse spatiale avancée, de la géovisualisation et de la recherche qualitative reposant sur la recherche géographique et géovisuelle actuelle faisant appel aux mégadonnées.

[1]  Ilyoung Hong Spatial Analysis of Location-Based Social Networks in Seoul, Korea , 2015 .

[2]  Gregor Wiedemann,et al.  Opening up to Big Data: Computer-Assisted Analysis of Textual Data in Social Sciences , 2013 .

[3]  Julie L Cidell,et al.  Content clouds as exploratory qualitative data analysis , 2010 .

[4]  Stephanie R. Rogers,et al.  A New Qualitative GIS Method for Investigating Neighbourhood Characteristics Using a Tablet , 2014, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[5]  Leila M. Harris Deconstructing the Map after 25 Years: Furthering Engagements with Social Theory , 2015, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[6]  David L. Altheide Qualitative Media Analysis , 1996 .

[7]  A. Strauss,et al.  Grounded Theory in Practice , 1997 .

[8]  Reza Zafarani,et al.  Social Media Mining: An Introduction , 2014 .

[9]  Samuel Kinsley The matter of ‘virtual’ geographies , 2014 .

[10]  Thomas J. Baerwald,et al.  Prospects for Geography as an Interdisciplinary Discipline , 2010 .

[11]  H. Hawkins For Creative Geographies: Geography, Visual Arts and the Making of Worlds , 2013 .

[12]  R. Guha,et al.  What are we ‘tweeting’ about obesity? Mapping tweets with topic modeling and Geographic Information System , 2013, Cartography and geographic information science.

[13]  Cecilia Mascolo,et al.  An Empirical Study of Geographic User Activity Patterns in Foursquare , 2011, ICWSM.

[14]  Mark Graham,et al.  Geography and the future of big data, big data and the future of geography , 2013 .

[15]  Neil Stuart,et al.  When is a hotspot a hotspot? A procedure for creating statistically robust hotspot maps of crime , 2002 .

[16]  Kyumin Lee,et al.  Exploring Millions of Footprints in Location Sharing Services , 2011, ICWSM.

[17]  N. Denzin,et al.  Strategies Of Qualitative Inquiry , 2012 .

[18]  Jin-Kyu Jung,et al.  Code clouds: Qualitative geovisualization of geotweets , 2015 .

[19]  Sebastian K. Boell,et al.  What is an Information System? , 2015, 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[20]  Zhi-Li Zhang,et al.  Exploring venue popularity in foursquare , 2013, 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS).

[21]  D. Sui,et al.  Crossing the qualitative- quantitative divide II , 2013 .

[22]  Daqing Zhang,et al.  Mobile Social Networking , 2014 .

[23]  Ross Purves,et al.  Twitter location (sometimes) matters: Exploring the relationship between georeferenced tweet content and nearby feature classes , 2014, J. Spatial Inf. Sci..

[24]  Ryan Burns,et al.  Towards Qualitative Geovisual Analytics: A Case Study Involving Places, People, and Mediated Experience , 2013, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[25]  Sarah Elwood,et al.  Still Deconstructing the Map: Microfinance Mapping and the Visual Politics of Intimate Abstraction , 2015, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[26]  M. Cope,et al.  6 Grounded Visualization and Scale: A Recursive Analysis of Community Spaces , 2009 .

[27]  R. Kitchin,et al.  Rethinking maps , 2007 .

[28]  Melissa Baralt,et al.  Coding Qualitative Data , 2012 .

[29]  G. Ding,et al.  Geo-Narrative: Extending Geographic Information Systems for Narrative Analysis in Qualitative and Mixed-Method Research , 2008 .

[30]  I. Her Thick description: toward an interpretive theory of culture, in: The interpretation of cultures: selected essays . New-York/N.Y./USA etc , 2022 .

[31]  C. Urquhart Grounded Theory for Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide , 2012 .

[32]  Christopher M. Danforth,et al.  The Geography of Happiness: Connecting Twitter Sentiment and Expression, Demographics, and Objective Characteristics of Place , 2013, PloS one.

[33]  C. Geertz,et al.  The Interpretation of Cultures , 1973 .

[34]  I. Hay Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography , 2001 .

[35]  David B. Kidner,et al.  Socio-economic applications of geographic information science , 2002 .

[36]  S. Elwood,et al.  Qualitative GIS: A Mixed Methods Approach , 2009 .

[37]  Matthew O. Ward,et al.  Interactive Data Visualization - Foundations, Techniques, and Applications , 2010 .

[38]  A. Stefanidis,et al.  Harvesting ambient geospatial information from social media feeds , 2011, GeoJournal.

[39]  M. Kelley,et al.  The emergent urban imaginaries of geosocial media , 2011, GeoJournal.

[40]  Fengjiao Wang Data Analysis on Location-based Social Networks , 2017 .

[41]  Sarah Elwood,et al.  Geographic Information Science: Visualization, visual methods, and the geoweb , 2011 .

[42]  Matthew W. Wilson ‘Training the eye’: formation of the geocoding subject , 2011 .

[43]  Sarah Elwood,et al.  Another Politics Is Possible: Neogeographies, Visual Spatial Tactics, and Political Formation , 2013, Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization.

[44]  N. Schuurman Critical GIS : theorizing an emerging science , 2000 .

[45]  M. Goodchild,et al.  Spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic patterns in the use of Twitter and Flickr , 2013 .