The risk of impending preterm delivery in asymptomatic patients with a nonmeasurable cervical length in the second trimester.

[1]  Roberto Romero,et al.  Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. , 2004, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[2]  J. Hauth,et al.  The Alabama Preterm Birth Project: placental histology in recurrent spontaneous and indicated preterm birth. , 2006, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[3]  Multicenter randomized trial of cerclage for preterm birth prevention in high-risk women with shortened midtrimester cervical length. , 2008, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[4]  C. Ananth,et al.  Recurrence of spontaneous versus medically indicated preterm birth. , 2006, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[5]  M C McCormick,et al.  The contribution of low birth weight to infant mortality and childhood morbidity. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[6]  K. Nicolaides,et al.  Cervical length at 23 weeks of gestation: relation to demographic characteristics and previous obstetric history , 1998, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[7]  R. Wapner,et al.  Cervical ultrasonography compared with manual examination as a predictor of preterm delivery. , 1997, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[8]  P. Shah,et al.  Induced termination of pregnancy and low birthweight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta‐analyses , 2009, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[9]  K. Nicolaides,et al.  Cervical length at 23 weeks of gestation: the value of Shirodkar suture for the short cervix , 1998, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[10]  A. Vintzileos,et al.  The relationship between placental histology and cervical ultrasonography in women at risk for pregnancy loss and spontaneous preterm birth. , 1999, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[11]  W. Watson,et al.  Observations on the sonographic measurement of cervical length and the risk of premature birth. , 1999, The Journal of maternal-fetal medicine.

[12]  L. Izquierdo,et al.  Vaginal ultrasonographic assessment of cervical length changes during normal pregnancy. , 1990, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[13]  N. Tejani,et al.  Amniocentesis for Selection Before Rescue Cerclage , 2000, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[14]  J. Dodd,et al.  Progesterone for the Prevention of Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review , 2008, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[15]  S. Althuisius The short and funneling cervix: when to use cerclage? , 2005, Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology.

[16]  R. Romero,et al.  The prevalence and clinical significance of amniotic fluid ‘sludge’ in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes , 2005, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[17]  V. Berghella,et al.  Cerclage for prevention of preterm birth in women with a short cervix found on transvaginal ultrasound examination: a randomized trial. , 2004, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[18]  Philip Steer,et al.  The epidemiology of preterm labour , 2005, BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.

[19]  Roberto Romero,et al.  The frequency and significance of intraamniotic inflammation in patients with cervical insufficiency. , 2008, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[20]  R. Wapner,et al.  Cervical funneling: sonographic criteria predictive of preterm delivery , 1997, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[21]  R. Romero,et al.  The Frequency and Significance of Intraamniotic Inflammation in Patients With Cervical Insufficiency , 2008 .

[22]  J. Weeks,et al.  Vaginal progesterone is associated with a decrease in risk for early preterm birth and improved neonatal outcome in women with a short cervix: a secondary analysis from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial , 2007, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[23]  R. Romero,et al.  Clinical significance of the presence of amniotic fluid ‘sludge’ in asymptomatic patients at high risk for spontaneous preterm delivery , 2007, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[24]  K. Nicolaides,et al.  Cervical length and funneling at 23 weeks of gestation in the prediction of spontaneous early preterm delivery , 2001, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[25]  P. Shah,et al.  Knowledge Synthesis Group of Determinants of preterm/LBW births. Induced termination of pregnancy and low birthweight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analyses , 2009 .

[26]  A. Vintzileos,et al.  Is midtrimester short cervix a sign of intraamniotic inflammation? , 2008, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[27]  R. Romero,et al.  Patients with an asymptomatic short cervix (, 2010, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[28]  P. Taipale,et al.  Sonographic Measurement of Uterine Cervix at 18–22 Weeks' Gestation and the Risk of Preterm Delivery , 1998, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[29]  H. Wolfe,et al.  Patients with an ultrasonographic cervical length < or =15 mm have nearly a 50% risk of early spontaneous preterm delivery. , 2000, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[30]  M. Dombrowski,et al.  The preterm prediction study: effect of gestational age and cause of preterm birth on subsequent obstetric outcome. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. , 1999, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[31]  S. Cicero,et al.  Cervical length at 23 weeks in triplets: prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery , 2000, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[32]  K. Nicolaides,et al.  Cervical length and obstetric history predict spontaneous preterm birth: development and validation of a model to provide individualized risk assessment , 2008, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[33]  A. Vintzileos,et al.  Longitudinal Assessment of Endocervical Canal Length Between 15 and 24 Weeks' Gestation in Women at Risk for Pregnancy Loss or Preterm Birth , 1998, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[34]  V. Berghella,et al.  Cervical length for prediction of preterm birth in women with multiple prior induced abortions , 2008, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[35]  J. Martin,et al.  Births: preliminary data for 2005. , 2006, National vital statistics reports : from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System.

[36]  R. Romero,et al.  Clinical significance of intra-amniotic inflammation in patients with preterm labor and intact membranes. , 2001, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[37]  K. Nicolaides,et al.  Prediction of patient‐specific risk of early preterm delivery using maternal history and sonographic measurement of cervical length: a population‐based prospective study , 2006, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[38]  A. Vintzileos,et al.  Comprehensive amniotic fluid cytokine profile evaluation in women with a short cervix: which cytokine(s) correlates best with outcome? , 2008, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[39]  K. Nicolaides,et al.  Cervical length at 23 weeks of gestation: prediction of spontaneous preterm delivery , 1998, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[40]  H. Andersen,et al.  Prediction of risk for preterm delivery by ultrasonographic measurement of cervical length. , 1990, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[41]  J. Hauth,et al.  Second‐Trimester Cervical Ultrasound: Associations With Increased Risk for Recurrent Early Spontaneous Delivery , 2000, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[42]  V. Berghella,et al.  Short cervix on ultrasound: does indomethacin prevent preterm birth? , 2005, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[43]  R. Romero,et al.  Does cervical cerclage prevent preterm delivery in patients with a short cervix? , 2001, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[44]  T. Okai,et al.  Transvaginal ultrasonographic cervical assessment for the prediction of preterm delivery. , 1996, The Journal of maternal-fetal medicine.

[45]  J. Iams,et al.  Cervical Sonography in Preterm Labor , 1994, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[46]  J. Iams,et al.  Rates of recurrent preterm birth by obstetrical history and cervical length. , 2005, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[47]  N. Fox,et al.  Cervical Cerclage: A Review of the Evidence , 2008, Obstetrical & gynecological survey.

[48]  W. Piyamongkol,et al.  Single Transvaginal Sonographic Measurement of Cervical Length Early in the Third Trimester as a Predictor of Preterm Delivery , 1995, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[49]  L. Pereira,et al.  Prior cone biopsy: prediction of preterm birth by cervical ultrasound. , 2004, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[50]  S F Bottoms,et al.  The preterm prediction study: the value of new vs standard risk factors in predicting early and all spontaneous preterm births. NICHD MFMU Network. , 1998, American journal of public health.

[51]  R. Palma-Dias,et al.  Relation of cervical length at 22-24 weeks of gestation to demographic characteristics and obstetric history. , 2004, Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas.

[52]  J. Iams,et al.  Cervical competence as a continuum: a study of ultrasonographic cervical length and obstetric performance. , 1995, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[53]  K. Nicolaides,et al.  Progesterone and the risk of preterm birth among women with a short cervix. , 2007, The New England journal of medicine.

[54]  V. Berghella,et al.  Cerclage for Short Cervix on Ultrasonography: Meta-Analysis of Trials Using Individual Patient-Level Data , 2005, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[55]  E. Thom,et al.  The length of the cervix and the risk of spontaneous premature delivery. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit Network. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[56]  R. Romero,et al.  A sonographic short cervix as the only clinical manifestation of intra-amniotic infection , 2006, Journal of perinatal medicine.

[57]  J. Hibbard,et al.  Cervical Length at 16–22 Weeks' Gestation and Risk for Preterm Delivery , 2000, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[58]  R. Matijević,et al.  Is sonographic assessment of cervical length better than digital examination in screening for preterm delivery in a low‐risk population? , 2006, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[59]  B. Sibai,et al.  Mid-trimester endovaginal sonography in women at high risk for spontaneous preterm birth. , 2001, JAMA.

[60]  Paula R Williamson,et al.  Cervical cerclage for prevention of preterm delivery in woman with short cervix:randomised controlled trial , 2004, The Lancet.

[61]  D. Wallwiener,et al.  Evaluation and validation of a new risk score (CLEOPATRA score) to predict the probability of premature delivery for patients with threatened preterm labor , 2005, Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[62]  C. Daskalakis,et al.  Gestational Age at Cervical Length Measurement and Incidence of Preterm Birth , 2007, Obstetrics and gynecology.

[63]  J. Dungan Multicenter randomized trial of cerclage for preterm birth prevention in high-risk women with shortened midtrimester cervical length , 2010 .

[64]  H. Andersen Transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonography of the uterine cervix during pregnancy , 1991, Journal of clinical ultrasound : JCU.

[65]  J. Balducci,et al.  Revisiting the short cervix detected by transvaginal ultrasound in the second trimester: why cerclage therapy may not help. , 2001, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.